Biland

Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi

Biland er et avhengig område som ikke har full politisk frihet eller suverenitet på samme måte som en selvstendig stat.

Det finnes forskjellige grader og former for politisk avhengighet. Det vanligste er å definere et biland i motsetning til andre undernasjonale enheter som områder som ikke tilhører et moderland eller et fastland av den styrende staten. I de fleste tilfeller finnes det også en form for geografisk separasjon. En undernasjonal enhet er vanligvis en del av et hovedland, mens et avhengig territorium kan være et oversjøisk territorium som nyter en større grad av selvstyre. For eksempel har mange av dem mer eller mindre forskjellige lovgivninger enn de styrende statene. Ettersom det finnes forskjellige grunnlovsmessige tradisjoner kan disse territoriene være både deler av moderlandet og biland av moderlandet. Norske biland er ikke deler av kongeriket, mens biland av andre land kan være det, slik Færøyene og Grønland er deler av det danske kongeriket.

Områdene som er klart merket som non-independent er territorier som er omstridte, okkuperte, med eksilregjering eller med en viktig selvstendighetsbevegelse.

Innhold 1 Liste over avhengige områder 1.1 Amerikas forente stater 1.2 Australia 1.3 Chile 1.4 Danmark 1.5 Frankrike 1.6 Nederland 1.7 New Zealand 1.8 Norge 1.9 Storbritannia 2 Se også 3 Referanser 4 Eksterne lenker

[rediger] Liste over avhengige områder

For tiden har listen 59 biland. Out of the list below, Australian, British and New Zealand territories are part of the Commonwealth realm - their governing States are in personal union under the same British monarch. All claims south of 60 degrees south (in Antarctica) are not recognised or are disputed. They are italicised. Ubebodde territorier eller territorier med ingen permanent eller innfødt befolkning er merket med #-tegnet.

The list includes several territories that are not included in the list of non-self-governing territories [1] listed by the General Assembly of the United Nations (which also includes Western Sahara, since 1990, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the question of Western Sahara was a question of decolonization which remained to be completed by the people of Western Sahara).

A number of political entities have a special position recognized by international treaty or agreement (i.e. Åland in Finland, Hong Kong & Macau in the Peoples Republic of China, and Svalbard in Norway). These are not dependent territories in the strict sense of the meaning, but have in some way a similar position. See List of special entities recognized by international treaty or agreement for more information.

[rediger] Amerikas forente stater

I henhold til traktater med Cuba leier Amerikas forente stater Guantanamo Bay Naval Station. Derfor er dette ikke noe avhengig område under amerikansk suverenitet.

Territory	Administration
Amerikansk Samoa	Unincorporated and unorganized territory administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
Bakerøya #	Unincorporated territory of the U.S. administered from Washington, D.C. as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Howland Island #
Jarvis Island #
Johnston Atoll #
Kingman Reef #
Midwayøyene #
Guam	Unincorporated organized territory; policy relations between Guam and the U.S. conducted under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
Navassa-øya #	Unincorporated territory of the U.S. administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior from the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Boqueron, Puerto Rico. Also claimed by Haiti and privately via the Guano Islands Act.
Nord-Marianene	Commonwealth in political union with the U.S.; federal funding administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Palmyra Atoll #	Incorporated territory of the U.S., partly privately and partly federally owned. Administered from Washington, D.C. by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior; the Office of Insular Affairs of the U.S. Department of the Interior continues to administer nine excluded areas comprising certain tidal and submerged lands within the lagoon and 12 nm of surrounding sea.
Puerto Rico	Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S. with commonwealth status; policy relations between Puerto Rico and the U.S. conducted under the jurisdiction of the Office of the President.
De amerikanske jomfruøyene	Unincorporated organized territory; policy relations between the Virgin Islands and the U.S. conducted under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
Wake Island #	Unincorporated territory supervised by the U.S. Air Force and administered from Washington, D.C. by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Also claimed by the Marshall Islands.

[rediger] Australia

External territory	Administration
Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands #	From Canberra by the Attorney-General's Department[1].
Australian Antarctic Territory #	From Canberra by the Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of the Environment and Heritage.
Christmasøya	From Canberra by the Attorney-General's Department[1].
Kokosøyene
Korallhavøyene #
Heard- og McDonald-øyene #	From Canberra by the Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of the Environment and Heritage.
Norfolkøyene	Commonwealth responsibilities administered from Canberra through the Attorney-General's Department[1].

[rediger] Chile

Division	Administration
Påskeøya	Selvstyrt oversjøisk spesialterritorium siden 2007.
Juan Fernández-øyene	Selvstyrt oversjøisk spesialterritorium siden 2007.

[rediger] Danmark

Division	Administration
Færøyene	Selvstyrt oversjøisk administrativ del siden 1948. Del av Kongedømmet Danmark, men ikke av den Europeiske Union.
Grønland	Selvstyrt oversjøisk administrativ del siden 1979. Del av Kongedømmet Danmark. Forlot den Europeiske Union i 1986.

[rediger] Frankrike

Se også Frankrikes geografi.

De oversjøiske regionene Fransk Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique og Réunion er integrerte deler av Republikken Frankrike og er derfor ingen biland.

Territory	Administration
Clipperton Island #	Atoll administered by the Minister for Overseas Territories. No permanent population.
Fransk Polynesia	Overseas collectivity since 2003; Overseas country since 2004.
De franske sørterritorier #	Overseas territory since 1955, administered from Paris by an Administrateur Superieur (since May 2000, François Garde assisted by Secretary General Jean-Yves Hermoso). Includes Île Amsterdam, Île Saint-Paul, Îles Crozet and the Îles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, five islands in the Mozambique Channel and Indian Ocean, plus Adélie Land, the French-claimed sector of Antarctica. No permanent population.
Mayotte	Departmental collectivity since 2001; overseas collectivity since 2003.
Ny-Caledonia	"Sui generis" collectivity since 1999; appears on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
Saint Barthélemy	overseas collectivity since 2007.
Saint Martin	overseas collectivity since 2007.
Saint-Pierre og Miquelon	Territorial collectivity since 1985; overseas collectivity since 2003.
Wallis og Futuna	Overseas territory since 1961; overseas collectivity since 2003.

[rediger] Nederland

Se også Nederland.

Country	Administration
Aruba	Full autonomy in internal affairs obtained upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986; Government of the Netherlands responsible for defense and foreign affairs. Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands but not of the European Union.
Nederlandske antiller	Full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954; Government of the Netherlands responsible for defense and foreign affairs. Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but not of the European Union. The Netherlands Antilles will be dissolved on 15 December 2008. Mal:Country and Mal:Country will become autonomous regions in their own right. Mal:Country, Mal:Country and Mal:Country will become special municipalities of the Netherlands.

[rediger] New Zealand

In free association	Administration
Cookøyene	Self-governing in free association with New Zealand since 1965. The Cook Islands are fully responsible for their internal affairs; New Zealand, in consultation, retains some responsibility for external affairs and defence. As of 2005, the Cook Islands have diplomatic relations in their own name with eighteen countries.
Niue	Self-governing in free association with New Zealand since 1974. Niue is fully responsible for its internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs and defence. New Zealand's responsibilities confer no rights of control and are only exercised at the request of the Government of Niue.
Territory	Administration
Tokelau	Self-administering territory of New Zealand. As it moves toward free association with New Zealand, Tokelau and New Zealand have agreed to a draft constitution. A UN-sponsored referendum on self-governance in February 2006 did not produce the two-thirds supermajority necessary for changing the current political status. Another one was in October 2007, which failed to reach the 2/3 margin.
Ross Dependency #	New Zealand's Antarctic claim.

[rediger] Norge

Se også Norske biland og områder med særstatus.

Biland	Administrasjon
Bouvetøya #	Biland administrert fra Oslo ved Polaravdelingen i Justis- og politidepartementet.
Peter 1.s øy #	Biland (omfattes av Antarktis-traktaten) administrert fra Oslo ved Polaravdelingen i Justis- og politidepartementet.
Dronning Maud Land #

[rediger] Storbritannia

Se også Britiske oversjøiske territorier.

Oversjøiske territorier	Administrasjon
Anguilla	Britisk oversjøisk territorium.
Bermuda	Britisk oversjøisk territorium or self-governing territory as defined by the UK.
Britisk Antarktis #	The UK's Antarctic claim.
Det britiske territoriet i Indiahavet #	British overseas territory administered by a commissioner resident in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.
De britiske jomfruøyene	Britisk oversjøisk territorium with internal self-government.
Caymanøyene	Britisk oversjøisk territorium.
Falklandsøyene	Britisk oversjøisk territorium, også krevd av Argentina.
Gibraltar	Britisk oversjøisk territorium, også krevd av Spania.
Montserrat	Britisk oversjøisk territorium.
Pitcairnøyene
St. Helena	Britisk oversjøisk territorium. Saint Helena also administers Ascension Island and the island group of Tristan da Cunha.
Sør-Georgia og Sør-Sandwichøyene #	Britisk oversjøisk territorium, også krevd av Argentina. Administered from the Falkland Islands by the Governor of the Falkland Islands as representative of the British monarch.
Turks- og Caicosøyene	Britisk oversjøisk territorium.
Sovereign Base Areas	Administrasjon
Akrotiri og Dhekelia	Britisk oversjøisk territorium administrert av Sjefen for de britiske styrker på Kypros. Note SBAs are primarily required as military bases and not ordinary dependent territories
Kronbesittelse	Administrasjon
Guernsey	Britiske kronbesittelser
Jersey
Man

[rediger] Se også

• Liste over land
• Liste over stater
• Liste over historiske stater
• Liste over omstridte områder
• Koloni

[rediger] Referanser

[rediger] Eksterne lenker

• WorldStatesmen- includes former dependent states