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I kontrast så viste analysen i ''The Economist'' at Wikipedias andre språkversjoner klarte å beholde sine bidragsytere, relativt konstant på rundt 42&nbsp;000.<ref name="economist1" /> Ingen kommentar ble gitt om forskjellene i regler på ulike språkversjoner var et mulig alternativ for å forklare forskjellene, og hvorvidt det kunne være noe Wikipedia på engelsk kunne benytte for å holde på sine bidragsytere.<ref>Andrew Lih. ''Wikipedia''. Alternative edit policies at Wikipedia in other languages.</ref>
I kontrast så viste analysen i ''The Economist'' at Wikipedias andre språkversjoner klarte å beholde sine bidragsytere, relativt konstant på rundt 42&nbsp;000.<ref name="economist1" /> Ingen kommentar ble gitt om forskjellene i regler på ulike språkversjoner var et mulig alternativ for å forklare forskjellene, og hvorvidt det kunne være noe Wikipedia på engelsk kunne benytte for å holde på sine bidragsytere.<ref>Andrew Lih. ''Wikipedia''. Alternative edit policies at Wikipedia in other languages.</ref>

== Mottakelse - vurdering av Wikipedia ==

Various Wikipedians have [[criticism of Wikipedia#Excessive regulation|criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation]], which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words {{as of|2014|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name="bureaucracy">{{cite magazine |url = https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html |title = The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia |last = Jemielniak |first = Dariusz |magazine = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date = June 22, 2014 |access-date = August 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Dariusz |last=Jemielniak |author-link=Dariusz Jemielniak |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780804791205 |location=Stanford, CA}}</ref>

Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits [[systemic bias]]. In 2010, columnist and journalist [[Edwin Black]] described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".<ref name=EdwinBlack>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=Black |author-link=Edwin Black |date=April 19, 2010 |work=[[History News Network]] |publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]] |title=Wikipedia—The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909210831/https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437 |archive-date=September 9, 2016 |access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Articles in ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' and ''[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]]'' have criticized Wikipedia's "Undue Weight" policy, concluding that the fact that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Messer-Krusse |first1=Timothy |title=The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-undue-weight-of-truth-on-wikipedia/ |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=February 12, 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162359/https://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/ |archive-date=December 18, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colón Aguirre |first1=Mónica |last2=Fleming-May |first2=Rachel A. |title="You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia |journal=[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]] |date=November 2012 |volume=38 |issue=6 |page=392 |doi=10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013 |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |issn=0099-1333 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031904/https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wikipedia experience sparks national debate |url=https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html |access-date=March 27, 2014 |work=BGSU News |publisher=[[Bowling Green State University]] |date=February 27, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827120800/https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html |archive-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref>

Journalists [[Oliver Kamm]] and [[Edwin Black]] alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.<ref name=EdwinBlack /><ref name=okw>{{cite news |last1=Kamm |first1=Oliver |author1-link=Oliver Kamm |title=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece |work=[[The Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104256/https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> A 2008 article in ''[[Education Next]]'' Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and [[spin (propaganda)|spin]].<ref name=Petrilli>{{cite journal |last1=Petrilli |first1=Michael J. |title=Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? |journal=Education Next |date=Spring 2008 |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://www.educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/ |access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=[[Hoover Institution]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121024654/https://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/ |archive-date=November 21, 2016 |department=What Next}}</ref>

In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Benjakob|first1=Omer|last2=Harrison|first2=Stephen|date=2020-10-13|chapter=From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades|chapter-url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop|title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|language=en|doi=10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005|isbn=9780262360593|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2006, the ''Wikipedia Watch'' criticism website listed dozens of examples of [[plagiarism]] in the English Wikipedia.<ref name="wwplagiarism" />

=== Accuracy of content ===

{{External media | width = 230px | align = right | audio1 = [https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1-1.2497560 The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1], ''Ideas with [[Paul Kennedy (host)|Paul Kennedy]]'', [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], January 15, 2014}}
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844 |title = Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up |work = Wired |date = December 15, 2005 |access-date = August 8, 2015 |agency = Associated Press}}</ref> However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' by the science journal ''Nature'' found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; ''Britannica'', about three."<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet" /> Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."<ref name="Reagle, pp. 165–166">Reagle, pp. 165–166.</ref> Others raised similar critiques.<ref name="Orlowski2005">{{cite news|last1=Orlowski|first1=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|work=[[The Register]]|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> The findings by ''Nature'' were disputed by ''Encyclopædia Britannica'',<ref name="corporate.britannica.com" /><ref name="nature.com britannica response 1">{{cite web |url = https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf?item |format = PDF |title = Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response |access-date = July 13, 2010}}</ref> and in response, ''Nature'' gave a rebuttal of the points raised by ''Britannica''.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite web |website = Nature |url = https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html |title = Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica |date = March 30, 2006 |access-date = February 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515025717/https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the ''Nature'' effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in ''Nature''{{'}}s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported [[confidence interval]]s), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small [[sample size determination|sample size]], 42 or 4{{nbsp}}× 10<sup>1</sup> articles compared, vs >10<sup>5</sup> and >10<sup>6</sup> set sizes for ''Britannica'' and the English Wikipedia, respectively).<ref>See author acknowledged comments in response to the citation of the ''Nature'' study, at ''PLoS ONE'', 2014, "Citation of fundamentally flawed ''Nature'' quality 'study' ", In response to T. Yasseri et al. (2012) Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia, Published June 20, 2012, {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0038869}}, see {{cite web |url = https://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root%3D80078 |title = Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia |access-date = July 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210930/https://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=80078 |archive-date = January 16, 2016 |df = mdy-all}}, accessed July 21, 2014.</ref>

As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.<ref name="WP general disclaimer 1">{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer |title = Wikipedia:General disclaimer |publisher = English Wikipedia |access-date = April 22, 2008 |date = September 18, 2018}}</ref> Concerns have been raised by ''PC World'' in 2009 regarding the lack of [[accountability]] that results from users' anonymity,<ref name="WikipediaWatch" /> the insertion of false information,<ref name="pcworld WP blunders 1">{{cite web |last = Raphel |first = JR |url = https://www.pcworld.com/article/170874/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html |title = The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders |website = [[PC World]] |access-date = September 2, 2009 |date = August 26, 2009}}</ref> [[vandalism on Wikipedia|vandalism]], and similar problems.

Economist [[Tyler Cowen]] wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<ref name="tnr experts vigilant in correcting WP 1">{{cite magazine |url = https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318103017/https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3 |archive-date = March 18, 2008 |title = Cooked Books |first = Tyler |last = Cowen |magazine = The New Republic |date = March 14, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> [[Amy Bruckman]] has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created".<ref name="PC 2021">{{cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=S.C. |title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet? |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet |access-date=27 June 2021 |work=[[PCMag]] |date=3 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.<ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{cite news |first = Stacy |last = Schiff |date = July 31, 2006 |title = Know It All |work = [[The New Yorker]] |author-link = Stacy Schiff}}</ref> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia" /> Editors of traditional [[reference work]]s such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's [[utility]] and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004" /> Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|title=Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era|work=NPR.org|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213220/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|archive-date=June 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{External media | width = 210px | align = right | video1 = [https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881 Inside Wikipedia&nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry], [[Deutsche Welle]], 7:13 mins<ref name="dw">{{cite web |title = Inside Wikipedia&nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry |publisher = [[Deutsche Welle]] |date = June 30, 2014 |url = https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881 |access-date = July 2, 2014}}</ref>}}
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for [[Internet troll]]s, [[spamming|spammer]]s, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /><ref name="citizendium WP trolling issues 1">{{cite web |title = Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) |url = https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html |website = Citizendium |access-date = October 10, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011230402/https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html |archive-date = October 11, 2006}}</ref>
In response to [[conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia|paid advocacy editing]] and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in ''The Wall Street Journal'', to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |title = Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/06/16/wikipedia-strengthens-rules-against-undisclosed-editing/ |author = Elder, Jeff |newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |date = June 16, 2014}}</ref> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. [[Katherine Maher]], the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.{{'"}}<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /><ref name="cnet politicians and WP 1">{{cite web |url = https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html |title = Politicians notice Wikipedia |website = CNET |author = Kane, Margaret |date = January 30, 2006 |access-date = January 28, 2007}}</ref><ref name="msnbc MS cash for WP edits 1">{{cite web |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/16775981 |title = Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |work = NBC News |author = Bergstein, Brian |author-link = Brian Bergstein |date = January 23, 2007 |access-date = February 1, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints" /> These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by [[Stephen Colbert]] on ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.<ref name="wikiality" />

A Harvard law textbook, ''Legal Research in a Nutshell'' (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<ref name="Nutshell in-depth resources">{{cite book|title=Legal Research in a Nutshell|last=Cohen|first=Morris|author2=Olson, Kent|publisher=Thomson Reuters|year=2010|isbn=978-0-314-26408-4|edition=10th|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|pages=[https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532/page/32 32–34]|url=https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532}}</ref>

=== Discouragement in education ===

Most university [[lecturer]]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in [[academia|academic work]], preferring [[primary source]]s;<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia" /> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<ref name="insidehighered against WP 1">{{cite journal |last1 = Waters |first1 = N.L. |title = Why you can't cite Wikipedia in my class |doi = 10.1145/1284621.1284635 |journal = Communications of the ACM |volume = 50 |issue = 9 |page = 15 |year = 2007 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.380.4996|s2cid = 11757060 }}</ref><ref name="insidehighered wiki no cite">{{cite web |first = Scott |last = Jaschik |title = A Stand Against Wikipedia |url = https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki |website = Inside Higher Ed |date = January 26, 2007 |access-date = January 27, 2007}}</ref> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress" /> Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten [[email]]s weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia," he said.<ref name="Jimmy Wales don't cite WP 1">"Jimmy Wales", ''Biography Resource Center Online''. (Gale, 2006.)</ref>

In February 2007, an article in ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' newspaper reported that a few of the professors at [[Harvard University]] were including Wikipedia articles in their [[syllabus|syllabi]], although without realizing the articles might change.<ref name="thecrimson wiki debate">{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Maxwell L. |title=Professors Split on Wiki Debate |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=February 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125910/https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305 |archive-date=December 20, 2008 |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> In June 2007, former president of the [[American Library Association]] [[Michael Gorman (librarian)|Michael Gorman]] condemned Wikipedia, along with [[Google]],<ref name="stothart" /> stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".

In contrast, academic writing{{clarify|date=December 2020}} in Wikipedia has evolved in recent years and has been found to increase student interest, personal connection to the product, creativity in material processing, and international collaboration in the learning process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=403|title=Wikishtetl: Commemorating Jewish Communities that Perished in the Holocaust through the Wikipedia Platform :: Quest CDEC journal|website=www.quest-cdecjournal.it|date=July 31, 2018|access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref>

==== Medical information ====

On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for ''The Atlantic'' magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."<ref name="Julie Beck 2014">Julie Beck. "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia". ''The Atlantic'', March 5, 2014.</ref> Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of [[Amin Azzam]] at the [[University of San Francisco]] to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve [[health information on Wikipedia|Wikipedia articles on health-related issues]], as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by [[James Heilman]] to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.<ref name="Julie Beck 2014" /> In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in ''The Atlantic'' titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite magazine |last = Beck |first = Julie |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/ |title = Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text? |magazine = The Atlantic |date = May 7, 2014 |access-date = June 14, 2014}}</ref> Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed."<ref name="theatlantic.com" />

=== Quality of writing ===
[[File:Screenshot of English Wikipedia article on Earth on 30 March 2021 (cropped).png|thumb|Screenshot of English Wikipedia's article on [[Earth]], a featured-class article]]
In a 2006 mention of Jimmy Wales, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine stated that the policy of allowing anyone to edit had made Wikipedia the "biggest (and perhaps best) encyclopedia in the world".<ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html |title= Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= May 8, 2006 |access-date= November 11, 2017 |first=Chris |last=Anderson}}</ref>

In 2008, researchers at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] found that the quality of a Wikipedia article would suffer rather than gain from adding more writers when the article lacked appropriate explicit or implicit coordination.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Kittur |first1 = Aniket |last2 = Kraut |first2 = Robert E. |chapter-url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.546.9900&rep=rep1&type=pdf |chapter = Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in Wikipedia: quality through coordination |title = Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work |pages = 37–46 |place = New York |publisher = ACM |date = 2008 |doi = 10.1145/1460563.1460572 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.546.9900 |isbn = 978-1-60558-007-4|s2cid = 1184433 |chapter-format=PDF }}</ref> For instance, when contributors rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. [[Roy Rosenzweig]], a history professor, stated that ''American National Biography Online'' outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its "clear and engaging prose", which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.<ref name="Rosenzweig" /> Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of [[Abraham Lincoln]] to that of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] historian [[James M. McPherson|James McPherson]] in ''American National Biography Online'', he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised "McPherson's richer contextualization&nbsp;... his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's voice&nbsp;... and&nbsp;... his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words." By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds "both verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history". While generally praising the article on [[William Clarke Quantrill]], he quoted its conclusion as an example of such "waffling", which then stated: "Some historians&nbsp;... remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."<ref name="Rosenzweig" />

Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented, "Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 percent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."<ref name="theregister Wales WP founder on quality 1">{{cite web |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/18/wikipedia_quality_problem/page2.html |title = Wikipedia founder admits to serious quality problems |first = Andrew |last = Orlowski |website = The Register |date = October 18, 2005 |access-date = September 30, 2007}}</ref> A study of Wikipedia articles on [[cancer]] was conducted in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at [[Thomas Jefferson University]]. The study was limited to those articles that could be found in the ''Physician Data Query'' and excluded those written at the "start" class or "stub" class level. Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that "Wikipedia's lack of readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing".<ref name="upi accuracy 1">{{cite news |url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100601114641.htm |title = Cancer information on Wikipedia is accurate, but not very readable, study finds |work = Science Daily |date = June 2, 2010 |access-date = December 31, 2010}}</ref> ''The Economist'' argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".<ref name="economist incomplete info">{{cite news |url = https://www.economist.com/node/8820422?story_id=8820422 |title = Fact or fiction? Wikipedia's variety of contributors is not only a strength |work = The Economist |date = March 10, 2007 |access-date = December 31, 2010}}</ref>

=== Coverage of topics and systemic bias ===

Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has [[byte#Multiple-byte units|terabyte]]s of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.<ref name="WP advantages over trad media 1">{{srlink|Wikipedia:PAPER}}</ref> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see [[deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia|deletionism and inclusionism]]).<ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{cite news |title = The battle for Wikipedia's soul |url = https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354 |work = The Economist |date = March 6, 2008 |access-date = March 7, 2008 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{cite news |title = Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart |first = Ian |last = Douglas |work = The Daily Telegraph |location = London |date = November 10, 2007 |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html |access-date = November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of [[online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article|images of Muhammad]] in the [[English Wikipedia|English edition]] of its [[Muhammad]] article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the [[censorship of Wikipedia]] by national authorities in China<ref name="Taylor" /> and Pakistan,<ref name="washington post state censorship 1">{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html |title = Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue |first = Karin |last = Bruilliard |work = The Washington Post |date = May 21, 2010 |access-date = October 24, 2011}}</ref> amongst other countries.

[[File:Wikipedia content by subject.png|thumb|upright=2.27|Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject {{as of|2008|1|lc=y}}<ref name=Kittur2009 />]]
A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 2006 to January 2008) in each field:<ref name="Kittur2009" />
*Culture and Arts: 30% (210%)
*Biographies and persons: 15% (97%)
*Geography and places: 14% (52%)
*Society and social sciences: 12% (83%)
*History and events: 11% (143%)
*Natural and Physical Sciences: 9% (213%)
*Technology and Applied Science: 4% (−6%)
*Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%)
*Health: 2% (42%)
*Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%)
*Thought and Philosophy: 1% (160%)

These numbers refer only to the number of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones. Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]] to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html |title = Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection |last = Petrusich |first = Amanda |work = The New York Times |date = October 20, 2011 |access-date = October 28, 2011}}</ref>

A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the [[University of Minnesota]] indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Lam |first1 = Shyong (Tony) K.|first2 = Anuradha |last2 = Uduwage |first3 = Zhenhua |last3 = Dong |first4 = Shilad |last4 = Sen |first5 = David R. |last5 = Musicant |first6 = Loren |last6 = Terveen |first7 = John |last7 = Riedl |title = WP: Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance |journal = WikiSym 2011 |date = October 3–5, 2011 |page = 4 |url = https://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf}}</ref>

==== Coverage of topics and selection bias ====
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven. Africa is the most underrepresented.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Mark |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |website=Zerogeography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016}}</ref> Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.<ref>{{cite book |last = Strohmaier |first = Markus |date = March 6, 2017 |title = Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |chapter = KAT50 Society, Culture |doi = 10.7802/1411 |quote = Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |publisher = GESIS Data Archive}}</ref>

An editorial in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for [[list of pornographic performers by decade|a list of female porn actors]] than a [[list of women writers]].<ref name=GuardianAugust2014>{{cite news |title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212758/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in [[Cape Town]] sought to address.<ref name="memeb"/>

==== Systemic biases ====
When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, [[systemic bias]] may arise, due to the demographic backgrounds of the editors. In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".<ref name="wiki-women">{{cite news |title = Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors |first = Kevin |last = Rawlinson |newspaper = The Independent |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html |date = August 8, 2011 |access-date = April 5, 2012}}</ref> The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's ''Technology Review'' titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and [[criticism of Wikipedia#Excessive regulation|policy creep]] on the [[#English Wikipedia editor numbers|downward trend in the number of editors]].<ref name="Simonite-2013" />

Systemic bias on Wikipedia may follow that of culture generally,{{vague|date=August 2019}} for example favoring certain nationalities, ethnicities or majority religions.<ref name="Quilter">{{cite web |url = https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=laura_quilter |title = Systemic Bias in Wikipedia: What It Looks Like, and How to Deal with It |author = Quilter, Laura |publisher = University of Massachusetts–Amherst |date = October 24, 2012 |access-date = November 26, 2012}}</ref> It may more specifically follow the biases of [[Internet culture]], inclining to be young, male, English-speaking, educated, technologically aware, and wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases, intrinsically, may include an overemphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current events.<ref name="Quilter" />

[[Taha Yasseri]] of the [[University of Oxford]], in 2013, studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Wikipedia introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 17, 2013 |title=Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/07/17/177320/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/ |magazine=[[MIT Technology Review]] |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite book |ssrn = 2269392 |editor1=Fichman, P. |editor2=Hara, N. |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2014 |arxiv = 1305.5566 |last1 = Yasseri |first1 = Taha |last2 = Spoerri |first2 = Anselm |last3 = Graham |first3 = Mark |last4 = Kertész |first4 = János|title= The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |doi= 10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |s2cid = 12133330 |author1-link=Taha Yasseri |author4-link=János Kertész}}</ref> His research examined the [[counterproductive work behavior]] of edit warring. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive behavior at Wikipedia and relied instead on the [[statistical measurement]] of detecting "reverting/reverted pairs" or "mutually reverting edit pairs". Such a "mutually reverting edit pair" is defined where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor in the "mutually reverting edit pairs". The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles [[George W. Bush]], [[anarchism]], and [[Muhammad]].<ref name="autogenerated3" /> By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the [[Oxford]] study were for the articles covering [[Croatia]], [[Scientology]], and [[9/11 conspiracy theories]].<ref name="autogenerated3"/>

Researchers from [[Washington University]] developed a statistical model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia's users regarding controversial topics. The authors focused on behavioral changes of the encyclopedia's administrators after assuming the post, writing that systematic bias occurred after the fact.<ref>
{{cite conference |url = https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2505566 |title = Manipulation among the arbiters of collective intelligence: How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion |last1 = Das |first1 = Sanmay |last2 = Allen |first2 = Lavoie |last3 = Malik |first3 = Magdon-Ismail |date = November 1, 2013 |publisher = ACM |book-title = CIKM '13 Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Information & Knowledge Management |pages = 1097–1106 |location = San Francisco, California |doi = 10.1145/2505515.2505566 |isbn = 978-1-4503-2263-8}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Das |first1 = Sanmay |last2 = Allen |first2 = Lavoie |last3 = Malik |first3 = Magdon-Ismail |title = Manipulation among the arbiters of collective intelligence: How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion |journal = ACM Transactions on the Web |volume = 10 |issue = 4 |pages = 24 |date = December 24, 2016 |doi = 10.1145/3001937|s2cid = 12585047 }}
</ref>

=== Explicit content ===

{{Utdypende|Wikipedia:Hva Wikipedia ikke er}}
Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as [[feces]], [[cadaver]], [[human penis]], [[vulva]], and [[nudity]]) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.

The site also includes [[sexual content]] such as images and videos of [[masturbation]] and [[ejaculation]], illustrations of [[zoophilia]], and photos from [[hardcore pornography|hardcore pornographic]] films in its articles. It also has non-sexual [[child nudity|photographs of nude children]].

The Wikipedia article about ''[[Virgin Killer]]—''a 1976 album from the [[music of Germany|German]] [[rock music|rock]] [[rock band|band]] [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]]—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked [[preadolescence#Prepubescence, puberty, and age range|prepubescent]] girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article ''Virgin Killer'' was blocked for four days by most [[Internet service provider]]s in the United Kingdom after the [[Internet Watch Foundation]] (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.<ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{cite news |title = Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover |first = Cade |last = Metz |work = [[The Register]] |date = December 7, 2008 |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia |access-date = May 10, 2009}}</ref>

In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on [[Wikimedia Commons]] contained child pornography, and were in violation of [[United States obscenity law|US federal obscenity law]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh |title = Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation |date = April 29, 2010 |work = The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date = May 14, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180523/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh |archive-date = September 2, 2017 |url-status=live |df = mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{cite news |last = Farrell |first = Nick |title = Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI |newspaper = The Inquirer |date = April 29, 2010 |url = https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations |url-status = unfit |archive-date = May 1, 2010 |access-date = October 9, 2010}}</ref> Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to [[pedophilia]] and one about [[lolicon]], were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the [[child pornography laws in the United States#Section 1466A|PROTECT Act of 2003]].<ref name="The Register-April" /> That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are [[obscenity#United States obscenity law|obscene under American law]].<ref name="The Register-April" /> Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.<ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{cite news |title = Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website |date = April 29, 2010 |work = The Economic Times |location = India |url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms |access-date = April 29, 2010}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation]] spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<ref name="AFP" /> saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<ref name="AFP" /> Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{cite news |url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm |title = Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights |work = BBC News |date = May 10, 2010 |access-date = May 19, 2010}}</ref> Critics, including [[Wikipediocracy]], noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.<ref name="XBIZ">{{cite news |url = https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017 |work = XBIZ.com |date = September 17, 2013 |first = Lila |last = Gray |title = Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break |access-date = November 10, 2013}}</ref>

=== Privacy ===
One [[privacy]] concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "[[public figure]]" in the eyes of the law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McStay |first1=Andrew |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |date=2014 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86}}</ref><ref group=note>See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.</ref> It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in [[cyberspace]] and the right to be anonymous in [[real life]] ("[[meatspace]]"). A particular problem occurs in the case of a relatively unimportant individual and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes.

In January 2006, a German court ordered the [[German Wikipedia]] shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of [[Tron (hacker)|Boris Floricic]], aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's [[right to privacy]] or that of his parents was being violated.<ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{cite news |last1=Kleinz |first1=Torsten |title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html |work=Heise Online |publisher=[[Heinz Heise]] |date=September 2, 2006 |language=de |trans-title=Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054949/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html |archive-date=September 13, 2012}}</ref>

Wikipedia has a "{{visible anchor|Volunteer Response Team}}" that uses Znuny, a [[free and open-source software]] fork of [[OTRS]]<ref>[[meta:Volunteer_Response_Team|Meta-wiki on Volunteer Response Team ]]</ref> to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.<ref>{{cite web |title = IT Service Management Software |url = https://www.otrs.com/en/ |publisher = OTRS.com |access-date = June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date = October 30, 2013 |df = mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Sexism ===
{{Utdypende|Kjønnsforskjellene på Wikipedia}}
Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of [[sexism]] and [[harassment]].<ref name="Paling">{{cite web |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |title = Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |last = Paling |first = Emma |date = October 21, 2015 |website = The Atlantic |access-date = October 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Auerbach |first1 = David |title = Encyclopedia Frown |url = https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |journal = Slate |access-date = October 24, 2015 |date = December 11, 2014}}</ref>

The perceived toxic attitudes and tolerance of violent and abusive language were reasons put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.<ref name="CSM-misogyny">{{cite journal |url = https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny |title = In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny |journal = Christian Science Monitor |date = August 2013}}</ref>

[[Edit-a-thon]]s have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kueppers|first1=Courtney|last2=Journal-Constitution|first2=The Atlanta|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020|website=ajc|language=en}}</ref>

A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, found significant gender differences in: confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Julia B. Bear & Benjamin Collier |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? - Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |date=4 January 2016|volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 }}</ref>


== Fotnoter ==
== Fotnoter ==

Sideversjonen fra 24. okt. 2021 kl. 21:35

Denne artikkelen nevner Wikimedia eller et av Wikimedias prosjekter. Vær oppmerksom på at Wikipedia er et Wikimedia-prosjekt.
Wikipedia
I Wikipedias logo finnes skrifttegn fra mange ulike skriftsystemer.
Nettstedwikipedia.org (mul)[1]
Kommersielt?Nei
Type nettstedWikibasert encyklopedi
Krever registreringfrivillig
Tilgjengelige språkFlerspråklig (323 språkutgaver)
Eier(e)Wikimedia Foundation
Utgitt avJimmy Wales, Larry Sanger, Wikimedia Community
Lansert15. januar 2001
ProgrammeringsspråkPHP
Alexa13 (4. november 2020)

Wikipedia er en internasjonal internettbasert encyklopedi med fritt tilgjengelig innhold som skrives og vedlikeholdes av frivillige bidragsytere, ved det wiki-baserte redigeringssystemet. Individuelle bidragsytere omtales av noen som wikipedianere. Wikipedia er den største og mest leste oppslagsverket i verden og blant de mest brukte på internett. Wikipedia har ikke reklame og innholdet er lagret og vises av den ideelle organisasjonen Wikimedia Foundation, med hovedsete i Florida i USA.

Wikipedia ble lansert 15. januar 2001, av Jimmy Wales og Larry Sanger. Sanger foreslo navnet, som er en blanding av «wiki» og «encyclopedia». Opprinnelig var Wikipedia kun tilgjengelig på engelsk, men versjoner på andre språk ble raskt utarbeidet. Wikipedias ulike språkversjoner har over 57 millioner artikler, får besøk fra over 2 milliarder unike enheter i måneden og har over 17 millioner redigeringer i måneden (2021). I 2006 skrev det amerikanske tidsskriftet Time at regelen som tillot alle å redigere hadde gjort Wikipedia til det «største (og muligens beste) leksikon i verden», og er «et vitnesbyrd til visjonen til en mann, Jimmy Wales».

Wikipedia har fått lovord for å bidra til demokratisering av kunnskap, bredden av dekning, unike struktur, kultur og redusert nivå av kommersielt bias, men kritikk for systematisk bias, særlig overfor kvinner og påstått ideologisk bias. Påliteligheten ble jevnlig kritisert, men har blitt bedre over tid og har i senere år fått god omtale. Dekning av kontroversielle emner som amerikansk politikk og større hendelser som COVID-19 har fått stor oppmerksomhet i media. Wikipedia har blitt utsatt for sensur av en rekke land, vedrørende alt fra enkelte artikler til hele nettstedet. Det har også blitt et element i populærkulturen, med omtale i bøker, filmer og akademiske studier. I 2018 kunngjorde Facebook og Youtube at de ville hjelpe brukere til å finne falske nyheter ved å foreslå lenker for faktasjekking på relevante artikler på Wikipedia.

Historie

Nupedia

Wikipedia ble opprinnelig utviklet fra et annet leksikonprosjekt, Nupedia.

Andre nettbaserte leksikon ble forsøkt utviklet før Wikipedia, men ingen ble særlig suksessfulle.[2] Wikipedia begynte som et tilleggsprosjekt for Nupedia, et fritt tilgjenglig nettbasert leksikon på engelsk, hvor artiklene ble skrevet av eksperter og gjennomgått i en formell prosess, før de ble lagt ut.[3] Det ble startet 9. mars 2000, eid av Bomis, et selskap for nettportaler. De sentrale personene var direktøren for Bomis, Jimmy Wales og Larry Sanger, sjefsredaktør for Nupedia og senere for Wikipedia.[4][5] Nupedia ble opprinnelig utgitt under en egen fri lisent, men selv før Wikipedia skiftet Nupedia til GNU fri dokumentasjonslisens etter oppfordring fra Richard Stallman.[6] Jimmy Wales har fått æren for å ha definert målet om et leksikon som kunne redigeres av publikum,[7][8] mens Sanger har fått æren for strategien med å bruke en wiki for å nå det målet.[9] 10. januar 2001 foreslo Sanger på Nupedias epostliste å etablere en wiki som et tilleggsprosjekt for Nupedia.[10]

Lansering og tidlig vekst

Domenenavnet wikipedia.com (senere omdirigert til wikipedia.org) og wikipedia.org ble registrert 12. januar 2001,[11] og 13. januar 2001,[12] og Wikipedia ble lansert 15. januar 2001[3] på engelsk, på adressen www.wikipedia.com,[13] og kunngjort av Sanger på Nupedias epostliste.[7] Regelen om nøytralt ståsted (engelsk: neutral point-of-view)[14] ble fastlagt i løpet av de første månedene. Bortsett fra det var det ganske få regler, og det fungerte uavhengig av Nupedia.[7] Bomis så Wikipedia først som noe selskapet kunne tjene penger på.[15]

Wikipedias startsiden, 20 desember 2001

Wikipedia fikk sine første bidragsytere fra Nupedia, innlegg på Slashdot, og fra websøkemotorer (noe mange norske brukere kjenner som søkemaskiner). Versjoner på flere språk ble også opprettet, med totalt 161 ulike språkversjoner av Wikipedia mot slutten av 2004.[16] Nupedia og Wikipedia eksisterte side om side, inn førstnevnte ble lagt ned i 2003, og tekst derfra ble lagt inn i Wikipedia. Wikipedia på engelsk passerte 2 millioner artikler 9. september 2007, noe som gjorde det til det største leksikon noen gang, større enn Yongle Dadian som ble laget under Ming-dynastiet i 1408, og hadde holdt rekorden i nesten 600 år.[17]

Grunnet bekymring for mulig bruk av leksikonet for visning av annonser, og manglende kontroll, etablerte bidragsytere til Wikipedia på spansk et nytt leksikon, Enciclopedia Libre, ved en såkalt Fork i februar 2002.[18] Jimmy Wales kunngjorde da at Wikipedia ikke ville vise annonser, og endret Wikipedias domene fra wikipedia.com til wikipedia.org.[19][20]

Mens engelskspråklig Wikipedia nådde tre millioner artikler i august 2009, synes utgavens vekst, i form av nye artikler og bidragsytere, å ha nådd sitt høydepunkt tidlig i 2007.[21] Rundt 1800 artikler ble daglig opprettet på leksikonet i 2006, i 2013 var det redusert til 800. En gruppe forskere ved PARC knyttet den reduserte veksten til prosjektets økende eksklusivitet og motstand mot endring.[22] Andre har antydet at veksten reduseres siden artikler som kan sees som lavthengende frukt allerede har blitt etablert og grundig utviklet.[23][24][25]

I november 2009 rapporterte en forsker ved Universidad Rey Juan Carlos i Madrid at engelskspråklig Wikipedia hadde mistet 49 000 bidragsytere i løpet av de tre første månedene i 2009, mens leksikonet kun hadde mistet 4 900 bidragsytere i samme periode i 2008.[26][27] Den amerikanske avisen The Wall Street Journal viste til antallet regler knyttet til redigering og konflikter knyttet til slikt innhold, blant grunnene for trenden med færre bidragsytere.[28] Wikipedias Jimmy Wales imøtegikk disse påstandene i 2009, avviste nedgangen og stilte spørsmål ved studiens metodebruk.[29] To år senere, i 2011, vedsto han at det var en liten nedgang, og bemerket at det var en reduksjon fra «litt mer enn 36 000 bidragsytere» i juni 2010 til 35 800 i juni 2011. I det samme intervjuet hevdet han også at antallet bidragsytere var «stabilt og bærekraftig».[30] En artikkel i MIT Technology Review i 2013, «The Decline of Wikipedia», utfordret denne påstanden, og vist at siden 2007 hadde Wikipedia mistet en tredjedel av sine frivillige bidragsytere, og at de som var igjen hadde fokus på detaljer.[31] I juli 2012 skrev det amerikanske tidsskriftet The Atlantic at antallet administratorer også var på vei ned.[32] I tidsskriftet New York skrev Katherine Ward følgende, den 25. november 2013: «Wikipedia, det sjette mest brukte nettstedet, står overfor en intern krise.».[33]

Milepæler

Kartogram som viser antall artikler i Wikipedia i ulike språkversjoner i Europa (2019). En firkant representerer 10 000 artikler. Språk med mindre enn 10 000 artikler vises med én firkant. Språk er gruppert i språkfamilier og hver språkfamilie angis ved en egen farge.

I januar 2007 ble Wikipedia for første gang en av de ti mest besøkte nettstedene i USA, ifølge firmaet Comscore Networks. Med 42,9 millioner unike besøkende, ble det listet på en 9. plass, før avisen The New York Times og Apple (#11). Dette markerte en betydelig økning siden januar 2006, da Wikipedias plassering var 33. med rundt 18,3 millioner unike besøkende.[34] I mars 2020 var Wikipedia på 13. plass[35] ifølge Alexa Internet. I 2014 hadde Wikipedia 8 milliarder sidevisninger hver måned.[36] Den 9. februar 2014 meldte The New York Times at Wikipedia hadde 18 milliarder sidevisninger og nesten 500 millioner unike besøkende i måneden, «ifølge markedsanalyseselskapet comScore».[37] Forskerne Loveland og Reagle hevder at Wikipedia følger en lang tradisjon med historiske leksikon som gradvis har akkumulert forbedringer gjennom «stigmergisk akkumulering» (indirekte koordinert akkumulering).[38][39]

Den 18. januar 2012 deltok engelskspråklig Wikipedia i en rekke koordinerte protester mot to foreslåtte lover (Stop Online Piracy Act og PROTECT IP Act) ved å kun vise sort på sine sider i 24 timer.[40] Det var over 162 millioner visninger av det sorte skjermbildet som midlertidig erstattet innholdet.[41][42]

Subodh Varma skrev i en artikkel 20. januar 2014 for den indiske avisen The Economic Times at Wikipedias vekst både hadde stoppet, og «hadde mistet nesten ti prosent av sidevisninger siste år. Det var en nedgang på om lag to milliarder mellom desember 2012 og desember 2013. Dets mest populære versjoner leder nedgangen: sidevisninger på den engelskspråklige utgaven av Wikipedia gikk ned med tolv prosent, den tyske med sytten prosent og den japanske mistet ni prosent.»[43] Varma la til følgende: «Mens Wikipedias ledere antar dette er regnefeil, mener andre eksperter at prosjektet Google Knowledge Graph lansert foregående år kan forsyne seg av brukere av Wikipedia.»[43] Da han ble kontaktet om dette spørsmålet sa Clay Shirky (associate professor ved New York University og fellow ved Harvards Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society) at han antok mye av nedgangen i Wikipedias sidevisninger var knyttet til såkalte knowledge graph og uttalte: «Dersom du kan få ditt spørsmål besvart fra en søkeside, trenger du ikke å klikke [deg videre].»[43] Ved utgangen av desember 2016 var Wikipedia rangert som den 5. mest populære nettstedet i verden.[44]

I januar 2013 ble 274301 Wikipedia, en asteroide, oppkalt etter Wikipedia; i oktober 2014 ble Wikipedia hedret med Wikipedia-monumentet og i juli 2015 ble 106 av de 7 473 700-siders bindene av Wikipedia tilgjengelig som Print Wikipedia (et kunstprosjekt). I april 2019 kolliderte en israelsk romsonde, Beresheet, med Månens overflate, med en kopi av nesten alt innhold i engelskspråklig Wikipedia på tynne nikkelplater. Eksperter sa at platene antakeligvis var uskadet etter sammenstøtet.[45][46] I juni 2019 meldte forskere at all artikkeltekst (16 GB) fra engelskspråklig Wikipedia hadde blitt kodet i syntetisk DNA.[47]

Dagens situasjon

Den 23. januar 2020 passerte engelskspråklig Wikipedia (den største språkversjonen) seks millioner artikler.

I oktober 2021 var Wikipedia nummer 13. i verden, ut fra trafikk på internett.[48] Under pandemien forårsaket av Covid-19, har Verdens helseorganisasjon samarbeidet med Wikipedia for å motvirke spredning av feilinformasjon.[49][50]

Åpenhet

Forskjeller mellom versjoner av en artikkel vist
Wikipedias tekstbaserte brukergrensesnitt for redigering, mange språkversjoner har også et grafisk (Word-lignende) redigeringsgrensesnitt
Wikipedias grafiske redigeringsgrensesnitt, VisualEditor

I motsetning til tradisjonelle leksikon følger Wikipedia prinsippet om prokrastinering (utsettelse)[note 1] når det gjelder sikkerheten til innholdet.[51]

Restriksjoner

Med bakgrunn i Wikipedias økende popularitet har noen språkutgaver (blant de den engelskspråklige) introdusert restriksjoner på redigering av noen artikler. På engelskspråklig Wikipedia og noen andre språkversjoner kan bare registrerte bidragsytere opprette en ny artikkel.[52] På engelskspråklig Wikipedia har særlig kontroversielle, sensitive eller jevnlig vandaliserte artikler, i ulik grad blitt beskyttet.[53][54] En artikkel som ofte blir vandalisert kan bli såkalt semibeskyttet eller få en forlenget beskyttelse, hvilket fører til at bare bidragsytere som har rettighetene autobekreftet (engelsk: autoconfirmed) eller utvidet bekreftet (engelsk: extended confirmed) kan redigere den.[55] En særlig omstridt artikkel kan bli låst så kun Wikipedias administratorer kan gjøre endringer.[56] En artikkel i tidsskriftet Columbia Journalism Review i 2021 identifiserte artikkelbeskyttelse som «kanskje det aller viktigste» verktøy Wikipedia hadde tilgjengelig for å «regulere sitt marked av ideer».[57]

I noen tilfeller kan alle bidragsytere legge inn endringer, men for noen bidragsytere må deres bidrag først kontrolleres av andre. For eksempel har Wikipedia på tysk en såkalt stabil versjon med artikler som har gjennomgått en vurdering.[58] Etter omfattende forsøk og diskusjon blant bidragsyterne innførte Wikipedia på engelsk såkalte avventende endringer (engelsk: pending changes) i desember 2012.[59] Med dette systemet blir nye og uregistrerte bidragsyteres bidrag til bestemte kontroversielle eller ofte vandaliserte artikler vurdert av etablerte bidragsytere før det blir publisert.[60]

Gjennomgang av redigeringer

Selv om bidragsyteres redigeringer ikke systematisk vurderes av andre, gir programvaren som driver Wikipedia (MediaWiki) gir mulighet for alle å vurdere endringer gjort av andre bidragsytere. Hver artikkels revideringshistorie (fanen Vis historikk) kobler til alle revideringer.[note 2][61] For så godt som alle artikler kan hvem som helst endre andre bidragsyteres redigering ved å trykke på en lenke på artikkelens fane for redigeringshistorie. Hvem som helst kan også se lenken for Siste endringer i artikler og alle som er registrert kan vedlikeholde en liste over artikler som interesserer dem, så de informeres om endringer. Funksjonen patruljering av nye sider (engelsk: New pages patrol) er en prosess hvor nye artikler sjekkes for opplagte problemer.[62]

I 2003 hevdet doktorgradstudenten i økonomi, Andrea Ciffolilli, at den lave transaksjonskostnaden for å delta i en wiki skapte en katalysator for utvikling i fellesskap, og at funksjoner som åpnet for enkel tilgang til foregående versjoner av en artikkel favoriserte «kreativ konstruksjon» over «kreativ destruksjon».[63]

Vandalisme

En redigering som endrer innholdet på Wikipedia slik at det med hensikt skader nettstedet ansees som vandalisme. Den vanligste og mest opplagte formen for vandalisme er å legge til ufine uttrykk, det kan også inkludere reklame.[64] Noen ganger utføres vandalisme ved at innhold fjernes, eller at en side tømmes helt for innhold. Mindre vanlige typer vandalisme, som bevisst innlegging av informasjon som synes korrekt, men som er falsk, kan være vanskeligere å finne. Vandaler kan også legge inn meningsløs formatering, modifisere en artikkels tittel eller kategorisering, manipulere den underliggende koden, eller bruke bilder på en ødeleggende måte.[65]

Hvithåret eldre gentleman i dress og med slips snakker fra en talerstol.
Den amerikanske journalisten John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), som ble utsatt for den såkalte Seigenthaler-hendelsen (engelsk: Seigenthaler incident).

Åpenbar vandalisme er generelt lett å fjerne fra artikler på Wikipedia, det går vanligvis på noen minutter.[66][67] Noen få tilfeller av vandalisme kan imidlertid ta mye lenger å oppdage og fjerne.[68]

I den såkalte den såkalte Seigenthaler-hendelsen (engelsk: Seigenthaler incident), var det en anonym bidragsyter som la inn falsk informasjon i den biografiske artikkelen om den amerikanske journalisten John Seigenthaler i mai 2005, hvor han ble fremstilt som en mistenkt i attentatet mot John F. Kennedy.[68] De falske opplysningene forble i artikkelen i fire måneder.[68] Seigenthaler som var med å starte avisen USA Today og var grunnlegger av Freedom Forum, First Amendment Center, ved Vanderbilt University, tok kontakt med Jimmy Wales i Wikipedia og spurte om han visste hvem som hadde lagt inn de falske opplysningene. Wales sa at han ikke visste, selv om den som hadde gjort det etterhvert ble funnet.[69][70] Etter hendelsen beskrev Seigenthaler Wikipedia som «et defekt og uansvarlig forskningsverktøy».[68] Hendelsen ledet til endringer i Wikipedias retningslinjer for verifisering av biografiske artikler om levende personer.[71]

I 2010 oppfordret den amerikanske komikeren Daniel Tosh seerne av showet hans, Tosh.0, til å besøke dets artikkel på Wikipedia og redigere den som de ville. I en etterfølgende episode av showet kommenterte han redigeringene på artiklene, de fleste av de fornærmende, som hadde blitt utført av publikum, og hadde ført til at artikkelen ble låst for redigering.[72][73]

Redigeringskrig

Bidragsytere til Wikipedia (omtalt som Wikipedianere) har ofte uenighet om innhold, og det kan føre til gjentatte endringer i en artikkel, kjent som redigeringskrig (engelsk: edit warring).[74][75] Det er allment sett som et ressurskrevende scenario hvor ingen brukbar kunnskap blir lagt til,[76] og kritisert for å skape en konkurransedrevet[77] og konflikt-basert[78] redigeringskultur assosiert med en tradisjonell maskulin kjønnsrolle.[79]

Regler og retningslinjer

Innholdet på Wikipedia er underlagt lovene (især lover for opphavsrett) for USA, og den amerikanske delstaten Virginia, hvor flertallet av Wikipedias servere er plassert. Utover juridiske forhold, er prinsippene for redigering av Wikipedia formulert i de fem søylene og i en rekke regler og retningslinjer som forsøker å skape innhold på en hensiktsmessig måte. Disse reglene og retningslinjene er også lagret innen Wikien, og bidragsytere til Wikipedia skriver og reviderer nettstedets regler og retningslinjer.[80] Bidragsytere kan gjennomføre disse reglene ved sletting av artikler, eller endring av materiale som ikke er i samsvar med regler og retningslinjer.[81] Opprinnelig var regler og retningslinjer på andre språkversjoner basert på oversettelse av reglene fra engelskspråklig Wikipedia, men de har nå i en viss grad begynt å avvike fra reglene på engelskspråklig Wikipedia.[58]

Regler og retningslinjer for innhold

Ifølge reglene på engelskspråklig Wikipedia må hver artikkel omhandle et emne som er leksikalsk (relevant for et leksikon) og ikke er et oppslagsord for en ordbok.[82] Et emne bør også tilfredsstille Wikipedias krav om notabilitet,[83] som generelt betyr at emnet må ha blitt dekket av allmenne media eller større akademiske tidsskrift, som er uavhengig av artikkelforfatter. Videre sikter Wikipedia mot å vise kunnskap som allerede er etablert og anerkjent.[84] Artikler må ikke presentere original forskning. En påstand som kan antas å bli utfordret krever en referanse til en pålitelig kilde. Blant bidragsytere til Wikipedia blir dette ofte formulert som «verifiserbart, ikke sant» (engelsk: verifiability, not truth) for å uttrykke ideen at leserne, ikke leksikonet, til sist er ansvarlig for å undersøke sannhetsgehalten i artikler og gjøre deres egne vurderinger.[85] Denne regelen kan tidvis føre til fjerning av informasjon, som selv om det er korrekt, ikke er godt nok belagt med kilder.[86] Til sist, så tar Wikipedia ikke side i konflikter, men har et nøytralt ståsted.[87]

Styringsstruktur

Wikipedias innledende anarki integrerte etterhvert demokratiske og hierarkiske elementer.[88][89] En artikkel ansees ikke å tilhøre den som har opprettet den, eller noen annen bidragsytere, ei heller av den/det som artikkelen omtaler.[90]

Administratorer

Bidragsytere som har godt omdømme kan be om kan be om ekstra rettigheter,[91] noe som gir de mulighet for å utføre bestemte oppgaver. Bidragsytere kan blant annet be om å få bli administratorer,[92] noe som gir mulighet for å slette artikler (sider) eller beskytte dem fra å bli endret i tilfeller med ekstrem vandalisme eller uenighet om innhold. Administratorer har ingen spesielle privilegier i avgjørelser, deres fullmakter er begrenset til å gjøre endringer som har virkning for hele prosjektet og følgelig ikke er tillatt for vanlige bidragsytere, og for å iverksette begrensninger for å hindre forstyrrende bidragsytere fra å gjøre uproduktive redigeringer.[93][94]

I 2012 ble færre bidragsytere administratorer, sammenlignet med foregående år, delvis fordi forhåndsgransking av mulige administratorer ble mer grundig.[95]

Konfliktløsning

Over tid har Wikipedia utviklet en semiformell prosess for behandling av konflikter. For å finne ut hva som er konsensus blant bidragsyterne kan en bidragsyter ta opp emner i ulike forum,[note 3] søke innspill utenfra ved kommentarer fra tredjepart, eller be om en mer generell diskusjon blant bidragsyterne, kjent som en forespørsel om kommentarer (engelsk: request for comment).

Arbitration Committee

The Arbitration Committee (norsk: meglingskomiteen, særegent for engelskspråklig Wikipedia, ikke noe tilsvarende organ på Wikipedia på bokmål) leder den endelige prosessen med å avgjøre uenigheter. Selv om uenigheter vanligvis kommer opp ved at det er to ulike syn på hvordan en artikkel skal utformes, avviser the Arbitration Committee eksplisitt å bestemme direkte hvordan det skal skje. Statistiske analyser antyder at komiteen ignorerer innholdet i uenigheter og i stedet fokuserer på hvordan uenighetene behandles,[96] slik at dens funksjon ikke er å avgjøre uenigheter og sørge for fred mellom stridende bidragsytere, men å isolere vanskelige bidragsytere mens potensielle produktive bidragsytere tillates å fortsette. Komiteens tiltak inkluderer advarsler og forbud mot bidrag til bestemte artikler, emner eller Wikipedia for involverte bidragsytere. Fullstendig blokkering fra Wikipedia er vanligvis begrenset til tilfeller av misbruk av brukeridentiteter (engelsk: impersonation) og antisosial oppførsel. Når oppførselen kun er mot konsensus, eller brudd på retningslinjer for redigering, pleier tiltak fra komiteen å være begrenset til advarsler.[97]

Bidragsyterne

Video fra Wikimania, en årlig konferanse for bidragsytere til Wikipedia og andre prosjekter støttet av stiftelsen Wikimedia Foundation, ble arrangert Frankfurt am Main, Tyskland, i august 2005

Hver artikkel og hver registrert bidragsyter til Wikipedia har en tilknyttet side (fane i nettleseren) merket Diskusjon. Dette er den primære kanalen for bidragsytere for å diskutere og koordinere innsatsen.[98]

Wikipedianere og kuratorer ved British Museum samarbeider om artikkelen om Hoxne-funnet (engelsk: Hoxne Hoard) i juni 2010

Wikipedias gruppe av bidragsytere har blitt beskrevet som å ha likheter med en kult,[99] men ikke alltid med helt negative undertoner.[100] Preferansen for sammenheng, selv om det krever kompromiss som betyr å se bort fra formell utdanning, har blitt beskrevet som «anti-elitistisk».[note 4]

Wikipedianere gir hverandre av og til utmerkelser (engelsk: virtual barnstars) for godt arbeid. Disse bevisene på anerkjennelse avslører et bredt felt av bidrag som blir verdsatt, langt forbi enkel redigering til å inkludere sosial støtte, administrative tiltak, og annet.[101]

Wikipedia krever ikke at dets bidragsytere skal identifisere seg.[102] Etterhvert som Wikipedia vokste ble spørsmålet «Hvem skriver Wikipedia?» ofte stilt.[103] Jimmy Wales hevdet en gang at bare «en gruppe bidragsytere;... en dedikert gruppe av noen få hundre frivillige» gjør hoveddelen av bidrag til Wikipedia og prosjektet derfor er «ganske likt hvilken som helst tradisjonell organisasjon».[104] En artikkel i det amerikanske tidsskriftet Slate i 2008 rapporterte følgende: «Ifølge forskere i Palo Alto er en prosent av bidragsyter til Wikipedia ansvarlig for om lag halvparten av nettstedets redigeringer».[105] Denne fremgangsmåten for å evaluere bidrag ble senere bestridt av Aaron Swartz, som bemerket at mange av artiklene han vurderte hadde store deler av innholdet (målt i antall tegn) fra bidragsytere med få redigeringer.[106]

Bidragsytere som ikke følger Wikipedias ulike regler, som å signere kommentarer på diskusjonssider, kan derved vise at de er lite kjent med Wikipedia og således øke sannsynligheten for at mer erfarne bidragsytere kan overse deres bidrag. Å bli en erfaren bidragsyter krever en del, vedkommende forventes å lære spesielle koder som kun brukes på prosjektet, underkaste seg en noen ganger lite oversiktlig prosess for konfliktløsning, og lære en «kultur som er rik på interne vitser og referanser».[107] Bidragsytere som ikke logger inn er på en måte ansett som andre klasses på Wikipedia,[107] siden «bidragsytere er anerkjent av medlemmer av wiki-gruppen, som har en egeninteresse i å bevare kvaliteten i produktet, på basis av deres pågående bidrag»,[108] men redigeringshistorikken til uregistrerte bidragsytere, kjent kun ved deres IP-adresse, kan ikke med sikkerhet tilskrives en bestemt bidragsyter.

Studier

En studie fra 2007 av forskere fra Dartmouth College fant at «anonyme og sporadiske bidragsytere til Wikipedia;... er en like pålitelig kilde for kunnskap som de bidragsyterne som registrerer seg på nettstedet».[109] Jimmy Wales uttalte i 2009 at «Det viser seg at over 50 % av alle redigeringer blir gjort av bare 0,7 % av bidragsyterne... 524 mennesker... Og faktisk, de mest aktive 2 %, som er 1400 mennesker, har gjort 73,4 % av alle redigeringene.».[104] Redaktør og journalist Henry Blodget i det amerikanske tidsskriftet Business Insider viste imidlertid at i et tilfeldig utvalg av artikler, var mesteparten av innholdet på Wikipedia (målt i mengden tilført tekst som overlever til den siste innsamlede redigeringen) skapt av «utenforstående», mens mest formattering ble gjort av «innsidere».[104]

En undersøkelse fra 2008 fant at Wikipedianere var mindre joviale, åpne og samvittighetsfulle enn andre,[110][111] selv om en senere kommentar pekte på alvorlige feil i undersøkelsen, blant de at data viste større åpenhet, og at forskjellen mellom kontrollgruppen og utvalget var liten.[112] Ifølge en studie fra 2009 er det «bevis for økende motstand fra bidragsyterne på Wikipedia overfor nytt innhold».[113]

Mangfold

En rekke studier har vist at de fleste bidragsyterne til Wikipedia er menn. Resultatene fra en studie fra Wikimedia Foundation i 2008 viste at bare 13 % av Wikipedias bidragsytere var kvinner.[114] På grunn av dette har universiteter i USA forsøkt å oppmuntre kvinner til å begynne å bidra til Wikipedia. Tilsvarende ga mange av disse universitetene, blant de Yale og Brown, poeng (engelsk: college credit) til studenter som opprettet eller redigerte en artikkel knyttet til kvinner i vitenskap eller teknologi.[115] Professoren og vitenskapsmannen Andrew Lih, skrev i den amerikanske avisen The New York Times at han antok grunnen til at mannlige bidragsytere var langt flere enn kvinnelige var fordi å identifisere seg som kvinne på Wikipedia kunne utsette en for «stygg, skremmende oppførsel».[116] Data har vist at afrikanere er underrepresentert blant bidragsytere til Wikipedia.[117]

Språkutgaver

Utdypende artikkel: Liste over Wikipediaer

Per oktober 2021 er det 323 språkutgaver av Wikipedia. De seks største, målt i antall artikler, er engelsk, cebuano, svensk, tysk, fransk og nederlandsk. Versjonene i cebuano og svensk er store grunnet utstrakt produksjon av artikler med bot (en form for automatisering). I tillegg til de seks største har følgende språkversjoner av Wikipedia over én million artikler: russisk, spansk, italiensk, polsk, egyptisk, arabisk, japansk, vietnamesisk, waray, kinesisk, arabisk, ukrainsk og portugisisk. Syv språkversjoner har over 500 tusen artikler: persisk, katalansk, serbisk, indonesisk, norsk bokmål, koreansk og finsk. Videre har 44 språkversjoner over 100 tusen artikler og ytterligere 82 har over 10 tusen artikler.[118][119] Den største språkversjonen, engelsk, har over 6,3 millioner artikler. Per januar 2021 mottar Wikipedia på engelsk 48 % av Wikipedia-prosjektets totale trafikk, og de 10 største språkversjonene mottar om lag 85 % av den totale trafikken.[120]

Siden Wikipedia er opprettet på Verdensveven (engelsk: World Wide Web) kan bidragsytere til samme språkversjon benytte ulike dialekter, eller komme fra ulike land (som er tilfelle for Wikipedia på engelsk). Disse forskjellene kan lede til uenigheter, som forskjeller i staving på britisk engelsk og amerikansk engelsk (som colour versus color)[121] eller ulike syn på emner.[122]

Selv om de ulike språkversjonene har samme globale retningslinjer som «nøytralt synspunkt» (engelsk: neutral point of view), har de på noen punkter ulike retningslinjer og praksis. Mest utpreget når det gjelder illustrasjoner som ikke er fritt lisensiert, og på engelskspråklig Wikipedia kan benyttes under et krav om såkalt rimelig bruk (engelsk: Fair use).[123][124][125]

Jimmy Wales har beskrevet Wikipedia som «en anstrengelse for å skape og distribuere et fritt leksikon med den høyest mulige kvalitet til hver eneste person på planeten, på deres eget språk».[126] Selv om hver språkversjon fungerer mer eller mindre uavhengig, blir det tatt noen tiltak for å følge opp alle. De blir dels koordinert via Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia Foundations wiki for vedlikehold av alle sine prosjekter (Wikipedias språkversjoner og andre).[127] Meta-Wiki fremskaffer for eksempel viktig statistikk over alle språkutgaver av Wikipeda,[128] og vedlikeholder en liste over artikler som alle versjoner av Wikipedia bør ha.[129] Listen omhandler grunnleggende innhold etter emner: biografi, historie, geografi, samfunn, kultur, vitenskap, teknologi og matematikk. Det er ikke uvanlig for artikler som er sterkt knyttet til ett språk å ikke ha tilsvarende artikler i andre språkversjoner av Wikipedia. For eksempel kan artikler om små byer i USA være tilgjengelig kun på engelsk, selv om de tilfredsstiller kravene til notabilitet i andre språkversjoner av Wikipedia. Artikler som er tilgjengelig i mer enn ett språk tilbyr som regel lenker til andre språkversjoner (engelsk: interwiki links), styrt gjennom prosjektet Wikidata.

En studie offentliggjort av PLOS One i 2012 anslo andelen av bidrag til ulike språkversjoner av Wikipedia fra ulike regioner i verden. Studien anslo at redigeringer fra Nord-Amerika sto for 51 % til engelskspråklig Wikipedia og 25 % til enkel engelskspråklig Wikipedia.[130]

Antall bidragsytere til engelskspråklig Wikipedia

Den 1. mars 2014 hadde det britiske tidsskriftet The Economist en artikkel med tittelen «The Future of Wikipedia», hvor det ble vist til en analyse fra Wikimedia Foundation som slo fast at «antallet bidragsytere for engelskspråklig Wikipedia har gått ned med en tredjedel i løpet av syv år.»[131] Antallet bidragsytere på Wikipedias språkversjon på engelsk som sluttet, ble av The Economist oppgitt som betydelig, i kontrast til andre språkversjoner. The Economist rapporterte at antallet bidragsytere med fem eller flere redigeringer i måneden var relativt konstant for andre språkversjoner, på rundt 42 000, med variasjon på rundt 2 000 opp eller ned innenfor sesonger. Antallet bidragsytere på engelskspråklig Wikipedia, i sterk motsetning, oppgitt å ha nådd sitt maksimum i 2007 med rundt 50 000 og hadde så gått ned til 30 000 i begynnelsen av 2014.

I kontrast så viste analysen i The Economist at Wikipedias andre språkversjoner klarte å beholde sine bidragsytere, relativt konstant på rundt 42 000.[131] Ingen kommentar ble gitt om forskjellene i regler på ulike språkversjoner var et mulig alternativ for å forklare forskjellene, og hvorvidt det kunne være noe Wikipedia på engelsk kunne benytte for å holde på sine bidragsytere.[132]

Mottakelse - vurdering av Wikipedia

Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation, which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words per 2014[133][134]

Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias. In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".[135] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's "Undue Weight" policy, concluding that the fact that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.[136][137][138]

Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.[135][139] A 2008 article in Education Next Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin.[140]

In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."[141]

In 2006, the Wikipedia Watch criticism website listed dozens of examples of plagiarism in the English Wikipedia.[142]

Accuracy of content

Ekstern lyd
audio icon The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1, Ideas with Paul Kennedy, CBC, January 15, 2014

Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.[143] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."[144] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."[145] Others raised similar critiques.[146] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica,[147][148] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica.[149] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 × 101 articles compared, vs >105 and >106 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively).[150]

As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.[151] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity,[152] the insertion of false information,[153] vandalism, and similar problems.

Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[154] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created".[155]

Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.[156] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.[157] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[158] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.[159]

Eksterne videoer

Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spammers, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.[61][161] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal, to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.[162] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.Mal:'"[162][163][164][165][166] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.[167]

A Harvard law textbook, Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".[168]

Discouragement in education

Most university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[169] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[170][171] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.[172] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia," he said.[173]

In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi, although without realizing the articles might change.[174] In June 2007, former president of the American Library Association Michael Gorman condemned Wikipedia, along with Google,[175] stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".

In contrast, academic writingMal:Clarify in Wikipedia has evolved in recent years and has been found to increase student interest, personal connection to the product, creativity in material processing, and international collaboration in the learning process.[176]

Medical information

On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."[177] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues, as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.[177] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."[178] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed."[178]

Quality of writing

Screenshot of English Wikipedia's article on Earth, a featured-class article

In a 2006 mention of Jimmy Wales, Time magazine stated that the policy of allowing anyone to edit had made Wikipedia the "biggest (and perhaps best) encyclopedia in the world".[179]

In 2008, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University found that the quality of a Wikipedia article would suffer rather than gain from adding more writers when the article lacked appropriate explicit or implicit coordination.[180] For instance, when contributors rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. Roy Rosenzweig, a history professor, stated that American National Biography Online outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its "clear and engaging prose", which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.[181] Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of Abraham Lincoln to that of Civil War historian James McPherson in American National Biography Online, he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised "McPherson's richer contextualization ... his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's voice ... and ... his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words." By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds "both verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history". While generally praising the article on William Clarke Quantrill, he quoted its conclusion as an example of such "waffling", which then stated: "Some historians ... remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."[181]

Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented, "Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 percent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."[182] A study of Wikipedia articles on cancer was conducted in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University. The study was limited to those articles that could be found in the Physician Data Query and excluded those written at the "start" class or "stub" class level. Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that "Wikipedia's lack of readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing".[183] The Economist argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".[184]

Coverage of topics and systemic bias

Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.[185] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism).[186][187] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China[188] and Pakistan,[189] amongst other countries.

Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject per januar 2008[190]

A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 2006 to January 2008) in each field:[190]

  • Culture and Arts: 30% (210%)
  • Biographies and persons: 15% (97%)
  • Geography and places: 14% (52%)
  • Society and social sciences: 12% (83%)
  • History and events: 11% (143%)
  • Natural and Physical Sciences: 9% (213%)
  • Technology and Applied Science: 4% (−6%)
  • Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%)
  • Health: 2% (42%)
  • Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%)
  • Thought and Philosophy: 1% (160%)

These numbers refer only to the number of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones. Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.[191]

A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".[192]

Coverage of topics and selection bias

Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven. Africa is the most underrepresented.[193] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.[194]

An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers.[195] Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in Cape Town sought to address.[117]

Systemic biases

When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, systemic bias may arise, due to the demographic backgrounds of the editors. In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".[30] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors.[31]

Systemic bias on Wikipedia may follow that of culture generally,Mal:Vague for example favoring certain nationalities, ethnicities or majority religions.[196] It may more specifically follow the biases of Internet culture, inclining to be young, male, English-speaking, educated, technologically aware, and wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases, intrinsically, may include an overemphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current events.[196]

Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford, in 2013, studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Wikipedia introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution.[197][198] His research examined the counterproductive work behavior of edit warring. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive behavior at Wikipedia and relied instead on the statistical measurement of detecting "reverting/reverted pairs" or "mutually reverting edit pairs". Such a "mutually reverting edit pair" is defined where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor in the "mutually reverting edit pairs". The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush, anarchism, and Muhammad.[198] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the Oxford study were for the articles covering Croatia, Scientology, and 9/11 conspiracy theories.[198]

Researchers from Washington University developed a statistical model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia's users regarding controversial topics. The authors focused on behavioral changes of the encyclopedia's administrators after assuming the post, writing that systematic bias occurred after the fact.[199][200]

Explicit content

Utdypende artikkel: Wikipedia:Hva Wikipedia ikke er

Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces, cadaver, human penis, vulva, and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.

The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation, illustrations of zoophilia, and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children.

The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killera 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.[201]

In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law.[202][203] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003.[204] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law.[204] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.[205] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,[206] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."[206] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".[207] Critics, including Wikipediocracy, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.[208]

Privacy

One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.[209][note 5] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life ("meatspace"). A particular problem occurs in the case of a relatively unimportant individual and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes.

In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.[210]

Wikipedia has a "Mal:Visible anchor" that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS[211] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.[212]

Sexism

Utdypende artikkel: Kjønnsforskjellene på Wikipedia

Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment.[213][214]

The perceived toxic attitudes and tolerance of violent and abusive language were reasons put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.[215]

Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.[216]

A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, found significant gender differences in: confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."[217]

Fotnoter

  1. ^ Prinsippet om prokrastinering dikterer at du bør vente til problemer oppstår før du forsøker å løse de.
  2. ^ Bidrag som kan være injurierende, kriminelle trusler, eller brudd på opphavsrett kan (og blir som regel) fjernet fullstendig.
  3. ^ Se for eksempel «Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard» eller «Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard», etablert for å ta hånd om innhold som kommer inn under de respektive områdene.
  4. ^ Sanger, Larry (31. desember 2004). «Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism». Kuro5hin, Op–Ed. «There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)» 
  5. ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction.

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