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Marambio
	Fil:File:Marambioair.PNG Aerial view of Marambio's runway
	IATA: MBO – ICAO: SAWB
	Basisdata
Flyplasstype	landing track
Betjener	Marambio Base
Beliggenhet	Antarctica
	Rullebane(r)
m	ft
	Sjekk lokale AIP for siste oppdateringer

Marambio
Base Marambio
	Airfield control tower at MarambioAirfield control tower at Marambio
	Lokalisering
Sted	Antarktis
	Basisdata
Tilhører	Argentina
Åpnet	29. oktober 1969
Sesong	helårs
Bemanning sommer	200
Bemanning vinter	55
Nettsted	http://www.marambio.aq/marambio.html
	Kart
	4ing/Sandkasse2 (Antarktishalvøya)

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Marambio Base (spansk: Base Marambio) is a permanent, all year-round Argentine Antarctic base named after Vice-Commodore Gustavo Argentino Marambio, an Antarctic aviation pioneer. It is located in Marambio Island, Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula, some 100 km (100 000 m) from the coastal civilian village of Esperanza.

At the time of its construction it was the first airfield in Antarctica and is still one of the most frequently used ones due to its suitability for wheeled landing, for which it is called "Antarctica's Entrance Door" (spansk: Puerta de Entrada a la Antártida).^[1] It is also Argentina's most important base in the continent.^[1]

Per 2014^[oppdater] Marambio is one of 13 research bases in Antarctica operated by Argentina.^[2]

History

The increased Antarctic activity that Argentina developed since 1940 created the need for an aviation runway operable throughout the year for wheeled units. The flight of Vice-Commodore Mario Luis Olezza to the South Pole, the newly built United States McMurdo Station and the frequent operations launched from the Matienzo Base showed the need to secure better transport and communications in the sector.^[3]

The Argentine Air Force set about to find a suitable spot to mount an airport. On 25 November 1968, two helicopters operating from the icebreaker ARA General San Martín descended on the Marambio Island as part of such survey. Their report favoring the place was decisive: it lacked large obstacles that could trouble aircraft maneuvering, and its long plateau was virtually free of ice.^[3]

On 30 August 1969, an Air Force team led by Vice-Commodore Olezza occupied the island, carrying with them the elements needed for the construction of the projected landing track. When initially opened, the 05/23-oriented runway had a length of 300 m (980 ft). It was the first one in the continent.^[4] The task took three months of work and culminated when a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, set with conventional wheels, took off from Matienzo Base and landed on the new airport. Before the end of October the runway had already reached 800 m (2 600 ft).^[5]

The base was founded on 29 October 1969. That day a Fokker F-27 Friendship of the Argentine Air Force manned by Vice-Commodore Erwin Roberto Kern, left Rio Gallegos and landed directly in Marambio Base, carrying on board civil and military authorities.^[1] It was the first aircraft taking off in another continent and landing in Antarctica using conventional landing gear:^[3] Antarctica was no longer an isolated place; from that day onwards all domestic and foreign Antarctic bases got interconnected with the rest of the world throughout the year. It was the most important Antarctic event in the decade.^[3]

By April 1970 the runway had reached 1 200 m (3 900 ft) long and 40 m (130 ft) wide.^[4] On 11 April 1970 the Argentine Air Force began landing their C-130 Hercules on Antarctica when the TC-61 commanded by Commodore Arturo Athos Gandolfi landed in Marambio, starting a long-standing and uninterrupted tradition of air-supplying the Antarctic Argentine bases from the mainland.^[5] and the Fokker F-28 Fellowship presidential aircraft T-01 Patagonia was the first jet to land in Antarctica when it touched down at Marambio on 28 July 1973, 13:28 h.^[4]

Description

Per 2014^[oppdater] Marambio has 27 buildings with a total covered area exceeding 20 000 m² (220 000 ft²; 2,0 ha).^[3]^[1] It can host a permanent crew of 45 men and a large complement of scientific personnel, totaling about 200 people,^[3] although on average it is populated with 55 members in winter and 150 in summer.^[6] Some of the facilities are: main, dining and recreation halls; emergency house with 28-bed capacity; personnel accommodation buildings; aircraft parking platform; flight deck; airline passenger terminal; flight ground support equipment; library; mail office; gym; chapel; laundry; kitchen; two freezing chambers; snow melter; satellite dish for television and internet; radio communications station; towing and personnel carrier vehicles (including tractors, trucks and forklifts); road maintenance tools and vehicles (several snow dozers, tracked loaders and graders); mechanical, carpentry, blacksmithing, turning, plumbing and electricity workshops; laboratory with substations for APT (Automatic Picture Transmission) satellite imagery receiver, ozone and uv light measurement, sounding balloon setup and launching, a MBI International Meteorological Center, and others; several warehouses and deposits; fuel storage array; potable water and sewerage network; incinerator and waste disposal module, and firefighting system.^[3]^[6] The base also has CATV and public and internal mobile phone service.^[3] The 45 m² (480 ft²) medical suite is attended by one doctor and three paramedics, and has three beds and x-ray, dentistry, coronary care and telemedicine facilities. Over 492 000 L (108 000 imp gal; 130 000 US gal) of Antarctic gasoil are used every year for transportation, and to feed the 1,000 kW main power plant with its three Caterpillar generators. The base also has a sewage treatment plant.^[3] Most buildings are connected together by risen metal footpaths to isolate them from snow and ice.^[3]

On 2010 the Argentine company CITEDEF designed and installed a wind generator on the base.

Airport

The flight control tower is 12 m (39 ft) high, and as of 2014^[oppdater] it is equipped with low-visibility weather navigation and landing assistance systems like VOR, DME, NDB^[4] and radio beacon. Its runway is lined with strobe lights. Supplies are taken to Marambio Base during the whole year, to be later distributed to other Argentine bases nearby (except for Belgrano II). There are over 100 intercontinental flights every year.^[4] The parking platform lets in heavy cargo planes like the Hercules C-130 with access to fuel and concurrent services. There is also an hangar for the Argentine Air Force de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter that routinely operates from the base along the two Bell 212s that are deployed during the summer campaigns to support scientific activities and link to other Argentine bases.^[1]

These facilities make Marambio the main air-support node for most bases in Argentine Antarctica, all the year-round, providing medical evacuation; search and rescue; personnel, cargo and mail transfer and release, both for local and foreign stations.^[3]

Communications

The base is connected to the Argentine mainland and the world through a satellite downlink station with telephone, fax, TV and internet. They also have a DirecTV dish which provides their service to the whole base. Argentine mobile telephone company Claro and Spanish Movistar have an antenna for local coverage. Within the base and between bases, radio is the most used mean of communication, mainly through HF, Vox/Data, aeronautic VHF-AM and UHF-FM.

Internet access is provided by Speedy Argentina, allowing the personnel in the base to be permanently connected to net services. Wireless LAN and Wi-Fi cover the entire complex, becoming one of the southernmost spots in the world with a wireless network. Telephone service is provided by Telefónica de Argentina at low national rates.

In September 2006, a GSM mobile phone network was also added to the base, provided by the Argentine mobile operator CTI Móvil (now Claro).^[8]

Scientific activities

Scientific research at Marambio is planned and executed by specialized departments, usually during the summer campaigns:

Earth Sciences carries out paleontology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, petrography, cryology,^[3] glaciology^[9]^[10] and geodesy.^[11]^[12]
Atmospheric Sciences research include cosmic ray and ionospheric observations,^[13] and stratospheric ozone monitoring.^[14] The LAMBI Ozone Laboratory, managed by the Atmospheric Sciences station, started in 1994 to obtain ozone records by absorption. It is a joint program with the INTA (Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology)^[3]
Geophysics analyzes the composition, structure and mobility of the Antarctic lithosphere by seismic, magnetic, magnetotelluric and gravimetric surveys. It researches on tectonic dynamics in order to define its configuration from the Cretaceous to the present. It also conducts paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental studies to determine relevant trends during the late Cenozoic.^[3]
Dynamics and Chemistry of Ice investigates changes during the last decade in selected glaciers on the Ross and Vega islands. It also examines significant changes in the Larsen Ice Shelf and provides essential information on the distribution of Antarctic icebergs along the tracks of vessels operating in the Antarctic.^[3]
Human Impact researches environmental processes in relation to possible disturbances caused by human activities over the terrestrial ecosystem dynamics in the area of Marambio. The program develops guidelines for environmental management and monitoring.^[3]

In addition Marambio is home to various ongoing scientific projects:

The Museoantar historical archeology program undergoes recovery, preservation and restoration of the refuges built by the 1901–04 Swedish Antarctic Expedition on Snow Hill Island.^[3]
In 2011, during the "Mars in Marambio" mission, NASA scientists arrived at the base to test a new space suit designed for future exploration of Mars.^[15]
In 2013 the Finnish Meteorological Institute in co-operation with its Argentine counterpart and with the Argentine Air Force started a new continuous atmospheric measurement program in Marambio. Observations cover greenhouse gases (mostly CH₄ and CO₂) while investigating the physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosol particles and incoming and outgoing UV radiation. This scientific project made Marambio the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement station in the Antarctic continent.^[16]
The base has been chosen for the location of balloon launches of the French project Estrateole to study the ozone layer.^[3]

Marambio under daily routine duties, date unknown
Scientific camp, 2009 austral autumn
Panoramic photo of Marambio Base at dawn, 2009 austral autumn

Climate

The average temperatures at the base are −1,5 °C (29,3 °F) during the summer, and −15 °C (5 °F) during the winter, though the strong winds can lower the apparent temperature down to −60 °C (−76 °F) Its highest recorded temperature is 17,4 °C (63,3 °F) on 23 March 2015^[17] the second highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica after those registered in Signy Island, which is much further north.

Klimadata for Marambio
Måned	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	Mai	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Okt	Nov	Des	År
Normal maks. temp. °C	0.1	-0.6	-3.5	-7.9	-10.0	-10.9	-10.9	-10.8	-6.9	-3.0	-1.4	0.5	−5,4
Døgnmiddeltemp. °C	-1.9	-3.0	-6.9	-12.1	-13.8	-15.1	-14.9	-14.5	-11.1	-7.1	-4.3	-1.7	−8,9
Normal min. temp. °C	-3.6	-5.2	-9.9	-15.4	-17.2	-18.7	-18.4	-18.8	-15.0	-10.6	-7.0	-3.7	−12,0
Nedbør (mm)	56	48	75	59	54	47	54	72	62	56	65	59
Normal antall snødager	16	13	13	12	9	8	8	7	8	10	13	15	132

Diagram	• Kilde: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional,^[18]
	56 0 -4	48 -1 -5	75 -4 -10	59 -8 -15	54 -10 -17	47 -11 -19	54 -11 -18	72 -11 -19	62 -7 -15	56 -3 -11	65 -1 -7	59 1 -4

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e «Misión y Organización – Organismos y Unidades – Base Marambio» (på Spanish). Argentine Air Force. Arkivert fra originalen 3 December 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)
^ «Argentine Antarctic Stations». Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Arkivert fra originalen 20 June 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navn fundmar1
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e «Marambio Station / Seymour Island». French-Polar-Team. Arkivert fra originalen 7 March 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)
^ ^a ^b «Primer aterrizaje de un Hércules C-130 (TC-61) en Marambio» (på Spanish). Fundación Marambio. Arkivert fra originalen 29 May 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)
^ ^a ^b Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navn dna1
^ «Base Marambio». World Aero Data. Arkivert fra originalen 6 April 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)
^ «CTI, Nokia Deploy GSM Technology in Antarctic Base». Cellular News. 7 September 2008. Arkivert fra originalen 19 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ «Exploring the Lifecycle of a Drifting Antarctic Iceberg». National Snow and Ice Data Center.
^ Scambos, Ted. «Investigating Iceberg Evolution During Drift and Break-Up: A Proxy for Climate-Related Changes in Antarctic Ice Shelves». National Snow and Ice Data Center.
^ «Guidelines for Antarctic GPS monumentation - Edition 2». Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research.
^ Zakrajsek A. F., Peretti, A. (1997). «Geodetic Monumentation in Antarctic Permafrost, Marambio (Seymour) Island».
^ «Encyclopedia Astronautica – Marambio». Astronautix. Arkivert fra originalen 31 December 2013. «Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 7 launches from 1975 to 1982, reaching up to 400 kilometers altitude» Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)
^ «Studies on Atmospheric Ozone from Belgrano and Marambio Stations in Antarctica, and Ushuaia, Argentina». Global Change Master Directory. NASA.
^ Henao, Luis Andrés (21 March 2011). «NASA tests Mars space suit in Argentine Antarctica». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)
^ «The Finnish Meteorological Institute measures aerosols and greenhouse gases all year round in Antarctica». Finnish Meteorological Institute. 11 March 2013. Arkivert fra originalen 19 October 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=89055&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2015&mes=03&day=24&hora=00
^ «Servicios Climáticos – Información de Turismo – Base Marambio – Datos estadísticos (1971–1990)» (på Spanish). National Meteorological Service of Argentina. Besøkt 4 February 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato= (hjelp)

External links

(en) Marambio Station – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på Commons

[fa1-1] «Misión y Organización – Organismos y Unidades – Base Marambio» (på Spanish). Argentine Air Force. Arkivert fra originalen 3 December 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)

[dna2-2] «Argentine Antarctic Stations». Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Arkivert fra originalen 20 June 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)

[fundmar1-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navn fundmar1

[fpt1-4] «Marambio Station / Seymour Island». French-Polar-Team. Arkivert fra originalen 7 March 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)

[fundmar2-5] «Primer aterrizaje de un Hércules C-130 (TC-61) en Marambio» (på Spanish). Fundación Marambio. Arkivert fra originalen 29 May 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)

[dna1-6] Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navn dna1

[7] «Base Marambio». World Aero Data. Arkivert fra originalen 6 April 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)

[8] «CTI, Nokia Deploy GSM Technology in Antarctic Base». Cellular News. 7 September 2008. Arkivert fra originalen 19 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[9] «Exploring the Lifecycle of a Drifting Antarctic Iceberg». National Snow and Ice Data Center.

[10] Scambos, Ted. «Investigating Iceberg Evolution During Drift and Break-Up: A Proxy for Climate-Related Changes in Antarctic Ice Shelves». National Snow and Ice Data Center.

[11] «Guidelines for Antarctic GPS monumentation - Edition 2». Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research.

[12] Zakrajsek A. F., Peretti, A. (1997). «Geodetic Monumentation in Antarctic Permafrost, Marambio (Seymour) Island».

[13] «Encyclopedia Astronautica – Marambio». Astronautix. Arkivert fra originalen 31 December 2013. «Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 7 launches from 1975 to 1982, reaching up to 400 kilometers altitude» Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)

[14] «Studies on Atmospheric Ozone from Belgrano and Marambio Stations in Antarctica, and Ushuaia, Argentina». Global Change Master Directory. NASA.

[15] Henao, Luis Andrés (21 March 2011). «NASA tests Mars space suit in Argentine Antarctica». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)

[16] «The Finnish Meteorological Institute measures aerosols and greenhouse gases all year round in Antarctica». Finnish Meteorological Institute. 11 March 2013. Arkivert fra originalen 19 October 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[17] ttp://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=89055&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2015&mes=03&day=24&hora=00

[SMN-18] «Servicios Climáticos – Información de Turismo – Base Marambio – Datos estadísticos (1971–1990)» (på Spanish). National Meteorological Service of Argentina. Besøkt 4 February 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato= (hjelp)

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