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Sideversjonen fra 27. apr. 2020 kl. 10:43

Huanan engrosmarked for sjømat (forenklet kinesisk: 武汉华南海鲜批发市场, pinyin: Wǔhàn huánán hǎixiān pīfā shìchǎng),^[1]^[2] også kjent som Huanan sjømatmarked,^[3] er et yeweimarked (ville dyr) og sjømatmarked i bydistriktet Jianghan i Wuhan i provinsen Hubei i Kina.

Markedet ligger i et relativt tett befolket område og ikke lngt fra en stor jernbanestasjon.

Markedet ble verdenskjent etter at Verdens helseorganisasjon ble varslet 31. desember 2019 om et stort utbrudd av lungebetennelse i Wuhan.^[4]

Av de første 41 personer som ble innlagt på sykehus med lungebetennelse og hvis sykdomskilde etter laboraturiestudier ble offisielt identifisert som SARS-CoV-2-infeksjon den 2. januar 2020, var to tredeler på et eller annet vis vært eksponert for dette matmarkedet. Markedet ble stengt 1. januar 2020 for rengjøring og desinfeksjon.^[1]^[5]^[6]

In December 2019, an epidemic of a pneumonia cluster occurred in Wuhan. By 2 January 2020, a new strain of coronavirus, later determined to be SARS-CoV-2, was confirmed in an initial 41 people hospitalized with the pneumonia, two-thirds of whom had direct exposure to the market.^[1]^[5]^[7]^[8] As coronaviruses (like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) mainly circulated among the animals and with a link between the pneumonia outbreak and the market being established, it was suspected that the virus may have been passed from an animal to humans (zoonosis).^[9]^[10]

Det ble på tidlig tidspunkt en hypotese at flaggermus var kilden tiø viruset. Men det er uklart om det i det hele tatt ble solgt flaggermus på dette markedet.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Later studies hypothesized that pangolins may be the intermediate host of the virus originating from bats, analogous to the relationship between SARS-CoV and civets.^[15]^[16] Phylogenetic analysis indicates that pangolins are a potential reservoir host rather than the intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2. While there is scientific consensus that bats are the ultimate source of coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 originated from a pangolin, jumped back to bats, and then jumped to humans, according to phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, a specific population of bats is more likely to be the intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 than a pangolin, while an evolutionary ancestor to bats was the source for general coronaviruses.^[17]

Despite the role that the market played in the pandemic, it is yet unclear whether the novel coronavirus outbreak started in the market.^[18]^[19] The earliest date for first symptoms was reported on 1 December 2019 in a person who did not have any exposure to the market or to the remaining affected 40 people.^[5]^[20]^[21] A paper from a large group of Chinese researchers from several institutions, published in The Lancet, offered details about the first 41 hospitalised patients who had confirmed infections with SARS-CoV-2.^[21] Their data showed 13 of the initial 41 people found with the novel coronavirus had no link with the market, a significant figure according to infectious diseases specialist Daniel Lucey.^[5]^[20]^[21] In a later publication, The Lancet reported that of the first 99 people confirmed with COVID-19 in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital between 1 and 20 January 2020, 49 had a history of exposure to the market. The publication nevertheless did not opine on whether the market was the origin or just a key link in the epidemic.^[22]

In a pursuit to discover the origin of SARS-CoV-2, samples from the market's animals were also taken between 1 and 12 January 2020.^[23] In late January 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that the virus was found in 33 out of 585 of environmental samples taken,^[24]^[25]^[26] 31 of which came from the area of the market where wildlife was particularly found. This was another indication of the role that the market played, but its identification as the origin of the epidemic has been disputed.^[18]^[19]^[27] A review published on 24 January 2020, noted that the market was not associated with any COVID-19 cases outside of China.^[28]

33 av 585 prøver tatt på markedet viste tilknytning til coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).^[24]

Epidemien det er tale om ble antatt å ha en forbindelse til smittestoffer i et eller flere dyr som ble solgt på markedet. Dette og lignende markeder solgte en rekke type dyr og fisk med tanke på matlaging, mange av dem både uvanlige og sjeldne.

De dyr som benyttes i de segmenter av det kinesiske kjøkken som benytter slik yewei-mat og som man kunne skaffe seg på Huananmarkedet var for eksempel aksishjort,^[29] bever,^[30] duer,^[31] esel,^[32] fasan,^[33] fisk,^[34] flaggermus,^[12] giftslanger (som bungarus multicinctus)^[35] gris,^[32] grevling,^[32] hare og hareorganer,^[29] hund,^[36] jordpinnsvin,^[3] kamel,^[3]^[37] «koala»,^[38]^[39]^[a] krabbe,^[31] krokodille,^[3] kylling,^[12] murmeldyr,^[12] kjempesalamander,^[3] oter,^[36] pangolin,^[40] pinnsvin,^[41] påfugl,^[3] reker,^[31] rev,^[3] rotte,^[3] sau,^[32] snikekatt,^[36] stripet havabbor,^[31] struts,^[42] ulvunger,^[3] og mer. Dyrene kunne komme fra hele verden.^[43]

Referanser

^ ^a ^b ^c Hui, David S.; I Azhar, Esam; Madani, Tariq A.; Ntoumi, Francine; Kock, Richard; Dar, Osman; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Memish, Ziad A.; Drosten, Christian; Zumla, Alimuddin; Petersen, Eskild (2020). «The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China». International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier BV. 91: 264–266. PMID 31953166. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009.
^ «Wuhan pneumonia: how the search for the source of the mystery illness unfolded». South China Morning Post. 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 15. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ «On the menu at Wuhan virus market: Rats and live wolf pups». CNA. 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 22. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.
^ Zhu, Na; Zhang, Dingyu; Wang, Wenling; Li, Xingwang; Yang, Bo; Song, Jingdong; Zhao, Xiang; Huang, Baoying; Shi, Weifeng; Lu, Roujian; Niu, Peihua (24. januar 2020). «A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019». New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 727–733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (24. januar 2020). «Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China». The Lancet. 0 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
^ «Overview of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - Summary of relevant conditions | BMJ Best Practice». bestpractice.bmj.com. Januar 2020. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.
^ Keevil, William; Lang, Trudie; Hunter, Paul; Solomon, Tom (24 January 2020). «Expert reaction to first clinical data from initial cases of new coronavirus in China». Science Media Centre. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ «New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert». xinhuanet.com 2020. 9 January 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 9 January 2020. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ «Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)». CDC. 23 January 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 28 January 2020. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ «Promed Post – ProMED-mail». ProMED-mail. Arkivert fra originalen 22 January 2020. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato= (hjelp)
^ January 2020, Rachael Rettner-Senior Writer 29. «New coronavirus may have started in bats. But how did it hop to humans?». Live Science (engelsk). Besøkt 28. mars 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schnirring, Lisa (8 January 2020). «Virologists weigh in on novel coronavirus in China's outbreak». CIDRAP. Arkivert fra originalen 8 January 2020. Besøkt 23 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp) Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; navnet «Schnirring8Jan2020» er definert flere steder med ulikt innhold
^ Camero, Katie (6. februar 2020). «Scientists Link China Coronavirus to Intersection of Humans and Wildlife». Wall Street Journal (engelsk). ISSN 0099-9660. «Some researchers said bats weren't being sold at the Huanan market in Wuhan...The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization said they couldn't confirm if bats were present at the market.»
^ «Bats and the novel coronavirus». The Hindu. February 3, 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)
^ Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu (February 2020). «Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins». bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.951335. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)
^ Wong, MC; Cregeen, SJJ; Ajami, NJ; Petrosino, JF (February 2020). «Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019». bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)
^ «Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak».
^ ^a ^b Lu, Donna (på en-US), The hunt for patient zero: Where did the coronavirus outbreak start?, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532764-000-the-hunt-for-patient-zero-where-did-the-coronavirus-outbreak-start/, besøkt 2020-04-09
^ ^a ^b (på en-US) Experts know the new coronavirus is not a bioweapon. They disagree on whether it could have leaked from a research lab, 2020-03-30, https://thebulletin.org/2020/03/experts-know-the-new-coronavirus-is-not-a-bioweapon-they-disagree-on-whether-it-could-have-leaked-from-a-research-lab/, besøkt 2020-04-09
^ ^a ^b Barton, Antigone (25 January 2020). «UPDATE Wuhan coronavirus – 2019-nCoV Q&A #6: An evidence-based hypothesis». Science Speaks: Global ID News. Besøkt 27 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ ^a ^b ^c Cohen, Jon; 2020 (26 January 2020). «Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally». Science | AAAS. Arkivert fra originalen 27 January 2020. Besøkt 27 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ Chen, Nanshan; Zhou, Min; Dong, Xuan; Qu, Jieming; Gong, Fengyun; Han, Yang; Qiu, Yang; Wang, Jingli; Liu, Ying; Wei, Yuan; Xia, Jia'an (30 January 2020). «Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study». The Lancet. 0 (10223): 507–513. PMC 7135076 . PMID 32007143. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)
^ Schnirring, Lisa (27 January 2020). «Experts: nCoV spread in China's cities could trigger global epidemic». CIDRAP. Besøkt 28 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)
^ ^a ^b Page, Jeremy (27. januar 2020). «Virus Sparks Soul-Searching Over China's Wild Animal Trade». Wall Street Journal (engelsk). ISSN 0099-9660.
^ Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navn Guo_Conversation
^ Liu, Shan-Lu; Saif, Linda (22 January 2020). «Emerging Viruses without Borders: The Wuhan Coronavirus». Viruses. 12 (2): 130. PMC 7077218 . PMID 31979013. doi:10.3390/v12020130. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)
^ Readfearn, Graham (9. april 2020). «How did coronavirus start and where did it come from? Was it really Wuhan's animal market?». The Guardian (engelsk). ISSN 0261-3077.
^ Gralinski, Lisa E.; Menachery, Vineet D. (2020). «Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV». Viruses. 12 (2): 135. PMC 7077245 . PMID 31991541. doi:10.3390/v12020135.
^ ^a ^b Shih, Gerry; Sun, Lena H. (8. januar 2020). «Specter of possible new virus emerging from central China raises alarms across Asia». Washington Post (engelsk). Arkivert fra originalen 23. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.
^ Campbell, Charlie (24. januar 2020). «The West Blames the Wuhan Coronavirus on China's Love of Eating Wild Animals». Time (engelsk). Besøkt 25. januar 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d South China Morning Post (23. januar 2020). Why wild animals are a key ingredient in China's coronavirus outbreak. Bangkok Post Public
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d «Snakes Could Be the Original Source of the New Coronavirus Outbreak in China». Scientific American (engelsk). 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 25 January 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)
^ «Archived copy». cb.com.cn (kinesisk). 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 22. januar 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020.
^ «The West Blames the Wuhan Coronavirus on China's Love of Eating Wild Animals. The Truth Is More Complex». Time. 24. januar 2020. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.
^ Guo, Haitao; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Conversation, The (23. januar 2020). «Snakes could be the source of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak». CNN. Arkivert fra originalen 25. januar 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Perper, Rosie. «China banned live animal sales in Wuhan, after a food market selling wolves and civet cats was linked to a deadly virus». Business Insider. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.
^ «Wuhan pneumonia: how the search for the source of the mystery illness unfolded». South China Morning Post. 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 15. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.
^ ^a ^b «Wuhan virus: a visual explainer». South China Morning Post. Arkivert fra originalen 29. januar 2020. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.
^ The Beijing News (kinesisk). 21. januar 2020 http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2020/01/21/677391.html. Manglende eller tom |tittel= (hjelp)
^ «Pangolin and porcupines on sale in Chinese market despite jail threat». The Guardian. 2014. Besøkt 14. februar 2020.
^ «Here's What It's Like in Wuhan, the City at the Center of Coronavirus». Time. 22. januar 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020.
^ Page, Jeremy (27. januar 2020). «Virus Sparks Soul-Searching Over China's Wild Animal Trade». Wall Street Journal (engelsk). ISSN 0099-9660.
^ «Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market».

Siteringsfeil: <ref>-merker finnes for gruppenavnet «lower-alpha», men ingen <references group="lower-alpha"/>-merking ble funnet

[Hui_I_Azhar_Madani_Ntoumi_2020_pp._264–266-1] Hui, David S.; I Azhar, Esam; Madani, Tariq A.; Ntoumi, Francine; Kock, Richard; Dar, Osman; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Memish, Ziad A.; Drosten, Christian; Zumla, Alimuddin; Petersen, Eskild (2020). «The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China». International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier BV. 91: 264–266. PMID 31953166. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009.

[South_China_Morning_Post_2020-2] «Wuhan pneumonia: how the search for the source of the mystery illness unfolded». South China Morning Post. 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 15. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.

[CNA_2020-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ «On the menu at Wuhan virus market: Rats and live wolf pups». CNA. 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 22. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.

[4] Zhu, Na; Zhang, Dingyu; Wang, Wenling; Li, Xingwang; Yang, Bo; Song, Jingdong; Zhao, Xiang; Huang, Baoying; Shi, Weifeng; Lu, Roujian; Niu, Peihua (24. januar 2020). «A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019». New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 727–733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.

[Huang24Jan2020-5] Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun (24. januar 2020). «Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China». The Lancet. 0 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.

[BPBMJJan2020-6] «Overview of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - Summary of relevant conditions | BMJ Best Practice». bestpractice.bmj.com. Januar 2020. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.

[Keevil24Jan2020-7] Keevil, William; Lang, Trudie; Hunter, Paul; Solomon, Tom (24 January 2020). «Expert reaction to first clinical data from initial cases of new coronavirus in China». Science Media Centre. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[xinhuanet.com_2019-8] «New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert». xinhuanet.com 2020. 9 January 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 9 January 2020. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[CDC_2020-9] «Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)». CDC. 23 January 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 28 January 2020. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[ProMED-mail-10] «Promed Post – ProMED-mail». ProMED-mail. Arkivert fra originalen 22 January 2020. Besøkt 24 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato= (hjelp)

[11] January 2020, Rachael Rettner-Senior Writer 29. «New coronavirus may have started in bats. But how did it hop to humans?». Live Science (engelsk). Besøkt 28. mars 2020.

[Schnirring8Jan2020-12] Schnirring, Lisa (8 January 2020). «Virologists weigh in on novel coronavirus in China's outbreak». CIDRAP. Arkivert fra originalen 8 January 2020. Besøkt 23 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp) Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; navnet «Schnirring8Jan2020» er definert flere steder med ulikt innhold

[13] Camero, Katie (6. februar 2020). «Scientists Link China Coronavirus to Intersection of Humans and Wildlife». Wall Street Journal (engelsk). ISSN 0099-9660. «Some researchers said bats weren't being sold at the Huanan market in Wuhan...The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization said they couldn't confirm if bats were present at the market.»

[14] «Bats and the novel coronavirus». The Hindu. February 3, 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)

[15] Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu (February 2020). «Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins». bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.951335. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)

[WongRecombination-16] Wong, MC; Cregeen, SJJ; Ajami, NJ; Petrosino, JF (February 2020). «Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019». bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)

[cell-17] «Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak».

[newscientist-18] Lu, Donna (på en-US), The hunt for patient zero: Where did the coronavirus outbreak start?, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532764-000-the-hunt-for-patient-zero-where-did-the-coronavirus-outbreak-start/, besøkt 2020-04-09

[thebulletin-19] (på en-US) Experts know the new coronavirus is not a bioweapon. They disagree on whether it could have leaked from a research lab, 2020-03-30, https://thebulletin.org/2020/03/experts-know-the-new-coronavirus-is-not-a-bioweapon-they-disagree-on-whether-it-could-have-leaked-from-a-research-lab/, besøkt 2020-04-09

[Barton25Jan2020-20] Barton, Antigone (25 January 2020). «UPDATE Wuhan coronavirus – 2019-nCoV Q&A #6: An evidence-based hypothesis». Science Speaks: Global ID News. Besøkt 27 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[Cohen26Jan2010-21] Cohen, Jon; 2020 (26 January 2020). «Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally». Science | AAAS. Arkivert fra originalen 27 January 2020. Besøkt 27 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[Chen30Jan2020-22] Chen, Nanshan; Zhou, Min; Dong, Xuan; Qu, Jieming; Gong, Fengyun; Han, Yang; Qiu, Yang; Wang, Jingli; Liu, Ying; Wei, Yuan; Xia, Jia'an (30 January 2020). «Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study». The Lancet. 0 (10223): 507–513. PMC 7135076 . PMID 32007143. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)

[Schnirring27Jan2020-23] Schnirring, Lisa (27 January 2020). «Experts: nCoV spread in China's cities could trigger global epidemic». CIDRAP. Besøkt 28 January 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |besøksdato=, |dato= (hjelp)

[Page27Jan2020-24] Page, Jeremy (27. januar 2020). «Virus Sparks Soul-Searching Over China's Wild Animal Trade». Wall Street Journal (engelsk). ISSN 0099-9660.

[Guo_Conversation-25] Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig <ref>-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navn Guo_Conversation

[Liu22Jan2020-26] Liu, Shan-Lu; Saif, Linda (22 January 2020). «Emerging Viruses without Borders: The Wuhan Coronavirus». Viruses. 12 (2): 130. PMC 7077218 . PMID 31979013. doi:10.3390/v12020130. Sjekk datoverdier i |dato= (hjelp)

[27] Readfearn, Graham (9. april 2020). «How did coronavirus start and where did it come from? Was it really Wuhan's animal market?». The Guardian (engelsk). ISSN 0261-3077.

[Gralinski-28] Gralinski, Lisa E.; Menachery, Vineet D. (2020). «Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV». Viruses. 12 (2): 135. PMC 7077245 . PMID 31991541. doi:10.3390/v12020135.

[Shih8Jan2020-29] Shih, Gerry; Sun, Lena H. (8. januar 2020). «Specter of possible new virus emerging from central China raises alarms across Asia». Washington Post (engelsk). Arkivert fra originalen 23. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.

[30] Campbell, Charlie (24. januar 2020). «The West Blames the Wuhan Coronavirus on China's Love of Eating Wild Animals». Time (engelsk). Besøkt 25. januar 2020.

[SCMP23Jan2020-31] South China Morning Post (23. januar 2020). Why wild animals are a key ingredient in China's coronavirus outbreak. Bangkok Post Public

[Guo22Jan2020-32] «Snakes Could Be the Original Source of the New Coronavirus Outbreak in China». Scientific American (engelsk). 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 25 January 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020. Sjekk datoverdier i |arkivdato= (hjelp)

[33] «Archived copy». cb.com.cn (kinesisk). 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 22. januar 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020.

[Time_Wild_2020-34] «The West Blames the Wuhan Coronavirus on China's Love of Eating Wild Animals. The Truth Is More Complex». Time. 24. januar 2020. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.

[35] Guo, Haitao; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Conversation, The (23. januar 2020). «Snakes could be the source of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak». CNN. Arkivert fra originalen 25. januar 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020.

[Perper-36] Perper, Rosie. «China banned live animal sales in Wuhan, after a food market selling wolves and civet cats was linked to a deadly virus». Business Insider. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.

[37] «Wuhan pneumonia: how the search for the source of the mystery illness unfolded». South China Morning Post. 22. januar 2020. Arkivert fra originalen 15. januar 2020. Besøkt 23. januar 2020.

[SCMP_item_list-38] «Wuhan virus: a visual explainer». South China Morning Post. Arkivert fra originalen 29. januar 2020. Besøkt 25. januar 2020.

[39] The Beijing News (kinesisk). 21. januar 2020 http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2020/01/21/677391.html. Manglende eller tom |tittel= (hjelp)

[PangolinsBruh-41] «Pangolin and porcupines on sale in Chinese market despite jail threat». The Guardian. 2014. Besøkt 14. februar 2020.

[42] «Here's What It's Like in Wuhan, the City at the Center of Coronavirus». Time. 22. januar 2020. Besøkt 24. januar 2020.

[43] Page, Jeremy (27. januar 2020). «Virus Sparks Soul-Searching Over China's Wild Animal Trade». Wall Street Journal (engelsk). ISSN 0099-9660.

[44] «Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market».

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@@ Linje 6: / Linje 6: @@
 Markedet ble verdenskjent etter at  [[Verdens helseorganisasjon]] ble varslet 31. desember 2019 om et [[koronaviruspandemien i 2019–2020|stort utbrudd av lungebetennelse i Wuhan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Na|last2=Zhang|first2=Dingyu|last3=Wang|first3=Wenling|last4=Li|first4=Xingwang|last5=Yang|first5=Bo|last6=Song|first6=Jingdong|last7=Zhao|first7=Xiang|last8=Huang|first8=Baoying|last9=Shi|first9=Weifeng|last10=Lu|first10=Roujian|last11=Niu|first11=Peihua|date=2020-01-24|title=A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=8|language=en|pages=727–733|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001017|issn=0028-4793}}</ref>
-Av de første 41 personer som ble innlagt på sykehus med [[lungebetennelse]] og hvis sykdomskilde etter laboraturiestudier ble offisielt identifisert som [[SARS-CoV-2]]-infeksjon den 2. januar 2020, var to tredeler på et eller annet vis vært eksponert for dette matmarkedet. Markedet ble stengt 1. januar 2020 for rengjøring og desinfeksjon.<ref name="Hui I Azhar Madani Ntoumi 2020 pp. 264–266">{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=David S. |last2=I Azhar |first2=Esam |last3=Madani |first3=Tariq A. |last4=Ntoumi |first4=Francine |last5=Kock |first5=Richard |last6=Dar |first6=Osman |last7=Ippolito |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Mchugh |first8=Timothy D. |last9=Memish |first9=Ziad A. |last10=Drosten |first10=Christian |last11=Zumla |first11=Alimuddin |year=2020 |title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China |url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/fulltext |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=91 |pages=264–266 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 |issn=1201-9712 |pmid=31953166 |last12=Petersen |first12=Eskild}}</ref><ref name="Huang24Jan2020">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chaolin |last2=Wang |first2=Yeming |last3=Li |first3=Xingwang |last4=Ren |first4=Lili |last5=Zhao |first5=Jianping |last6=Hu |first6=Yi |last7=Zhang |first7=Li |last8=Fan |first8=Guohui |last9=Xu |first9=Jiuyang |last10=Gu |first10=Xiaoying |last11=Cheng |first11=Zhenshun |date=24. januar 2020 |title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019&nbsp;novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China |url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930183-5 |url-status=live |journal=[[The Lancet]] |language=English |volume=0 |issue=10223 |pages=497–506 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 |issn=0140-6736 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005857/https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930183-5 |archive-date=31. januar 2020 |access-date=27. januar 2020}}</ref><ref name="BPBMJJan2020">{{Cite web |url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000165 |title=Overview of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - Summary of relevant conditions {{!}} BMJ Best Practice |date=Januar 2020 |website=bestpractice.bmj.com |url-status=live |access-date=25. januar 2020}}</ref> 33 av 585 prøver tatt på markedet viste tilknytning til [[COVID-19|''coronavirus disease 2019'']] (COVID-19).<ref name="Page27Jan2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/virus-sparks-soul-searching-over-chinas-wild-animal-trade-11580055290 |title=Virus Sparks Soul-Searching Over China's Wild Animal Trade |last=Page |first=Jeremy |date=27. januar 2020 |work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=27. januar 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126175047/https://www.wsj.com/articles/virus-sparks-soul-searching-over-chinas-wild-animal-trade-11580055290 |archive-date=26. januar 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
+Av de første 41 personer som ble innlagt på sykehus med [[lungebetennelse]] og hvis sykdomskilde etter laboraturiestudier ble offisielt identifisert som [[SARS-CoV-2]]-infeksjon den 2. januar 2020, var to tredeler på et eller annet vis vært eksponert for dette matmarkedet. Markedet ble stengt 1. januar 2020 for rengjøring og desinfeksjon.<ref name="Hui I Azhar Madani Ntoumi 2020 pp. 264–266">{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=David S. |last2=I Azhar |first2=Esam |last3=Madani |first3=Tariq A. |last4=Ntoumi |first4=Francine |last5=Kock |first5=Richard |last6=Dar |first6=Osman |last7=Ippolito |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Mchugh |first8=Timothy D. |last9=Memish |first9=Ziad A. |last10=Drosten |first10=Christian |last11=Zumla |first11=Alimuddin |year=2020 |title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China |url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/fulltext |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=91 |pages=264–266 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 |issn=1201-9712 |pmid=31953166 |last12=Petersen |first12=Eskild}}</ref><ref name="Huang24Jan2020">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Chaolin |last2=Wang |first2=Yeming |last3=Li |first3=Xingwang |last4=Ren |first4=Lili |last5=Zhao |first5=Jianping |last6=Hu |first6=Yi |last7=Zhang |first7=Li |last8=Fan |first8=Guohui |last9=Xu |first9=Jiuyang |last10=Gu |first10=Xiaoying |last11=Cheng |first11=Zhenshun |date=24. januar 2020 |title=Clinical features of patients infected with 2019&nbsp;novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China |url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930183-5 |url-status=live |journal=[[The Lancet]] |language=English |volume=0 |issue=10223 |pages=497–506 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 |issn=0140-6736 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005857/https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930183-5 |archive-date=31. januar 2020 |access-date=27. januar 2020}}</ref><ref name="BPBMJJan2020">{{Cite web |url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000165 |title=Overview of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - Summary of relevant conditions {{!}} BMJ Best Practice |date=Januar 2020 |website=bestpractice.bmj.com |url-status=live |access-date=25. januar 2020}}</ref>
+In December 2019, an epidemic of a pneumonia [[Disease cluster|cluster]] occurred in Wuhan. By 2 January 2020, a new strain of [[coronavirus]], later determined to be [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]], was confirmed in an initial 41 people hospitalized with the pneumonia, two-thirds of whom had direct exposure to the market.<ref name="Hui I Azhar Madani Ntoumi 2020 pp. 264–266" /><ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Keevil24Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-first-clinical-data-from-initial-cases-of-new-coronavirus-in-china/|title=Expert reaction to first clinical data from initial cases of new coronavirus in China|last=Keevil|first=William|last2=Lang|first2=Trudie|date=24 January 2020|website=Science Media Centre|url-status=live|access-date=24 January 2020|last3=Hunter|first3=Paul|last4=Solomon|first4=Tom}}</ref><ref name="xinhuanet.com 2019">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm|title=New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert|date=9 January 2020|website=xinhuanet.com 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109084208/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/09/c_138690570.htm|archive-date=9 January 2020|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> As coronaviruses (like [[SARS-CoV]] and [[MERS-CoV]]) mainly circulated among the animals and with a link between the pneumonia outbreak and the market being established, it was suspected that the virus may have been passed from an animal to humans ([[zoonosis]]).<ref name="CDC 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html|title=Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|date=23 January 2020|website=CDC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128152653/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="ProMED-mail">{{Cite web|url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|title=Promed Post – ProMED-mail|website=ProMED-mail|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122124653/https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|archive-date=22 January 2020|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
+Det ble på tidlig tidspunkt en hypotese at flaggermus var kilden tiø viruset. Men det er uklart om det i det hele tatt ble solgt flaggermus på dette markedet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/new-coronavirus-origin-bats.html|title=New coronavirus may have started in bats. But how did it hop to humans?|last=January 2020|first=Rachael Rettner-Senior Writer 29|website=Live Science|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Schnirring8Jan2020">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/virologists-weigh-novel-coronavirus-chinas-outbreak |title=Virologists weigh in on novel coronavirus in China's outbreak |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=8 January 2020 |website=CIDRAP  |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108234455/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/virologists-weigh-novel-coronavirus-chinas-outbreak |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Camero|first=Katie|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/scientists-link-china-virus-to-intersection-of-humans-and-wildlife-11580997600|title=Scientists Link China Coronavirus to Intersection of Humans and Wildlife|date=2020-02-06|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2020-03-28|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|quote=Some researchers said bats weren't being sold at the Huanan market in Wuhan...The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization said they couldn't confirm if bats were present at the market.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=http://youtube.com/watch?v=nnJmVZAGn00|title=Bats and the novel coronavirus|date=February 3, 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> Later studies hypothesized that [[pangolins]] may be the intermediate host of the virus originating from bats, analogous to the relationship between SARS-CoV and [[Civet|civets]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xiao|first1=Kangpeng|last2=Zhai|first2=Junqiong|last3=Feng|first3=Yaoyu|title=Isolation and Characterization of 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus from Malayan Pangolins|date=February 2020|work=[[bioRxiv]]|doi=10.1101/2020.02.17.951335|name-list-format=vanc}}</ref><ref name="WongRecombination">{{Cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=MC|last2=Cregeen|first2=SJJ|last3=Ajami|first3=NJ|last4=Petrosino|first4=JF|title=Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019|work=[[bioRxiv]]|doi=10.1101/2020.02.07.939207 |date=February 2020 |name-list-format=vanc}}</ref> [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] analysis indicates that pangolins are a potential [[Natural reservoir|reservoir host]] rather than the intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2. While there is scientific consensus that bats are the ultimate source of coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 originated from a pangolin, jumped back to bats, and then jumped to humans, according to phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, a specific population of bats is more likely to be the intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 than a pangolin, while an evolutionary ancestor to bats was the source for general coronaviruses.<ref name="cell">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdfExtended/S0960-9822(20)30360-2 |title=Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak}}</ref>
+Despite the role that the market played in the pandemic, it is yet unclear whether the novel coronavirus outbreak started in the market.<ref name="newscientist" /><ref name="thebulletin" /> The earliest date for first symptoms was reported on 1 December 2019 in a person who did not have any exposure to the market or to the remaining affected 40 people.<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Barton25Jan2020">{{Cite web |url=https://sciencespeaksblog.org/2020/01/25/wuhan-coronavirus-2019-ncov-qa-6-an-evidence-based-hypothesis/ |title=UPDATE Wuhan coronavirus – 2019-nCoV Q&A #6: An evidence-based hypothesis |last=Barton |first=Antigone |date=25 January 2020 |website=Science Speaks: Global ID News  |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Cohen26Jan2010">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally |title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally |last=Cohen |first=Jon |last2=2020 |date=26 January 2020 |website=Science {{!}} AAAS  |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127161200/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> A paper from a large group of Chinese researchers from several institutions, published in ''[[The Lancet]]'', offered details about the first 41 hospitalised patients who had confirmed infections with [[SARS-CoV-2]].<ref name=Cohen26Jan2010/> Their data showed 13 of the initial 41 people found with the novel coronavirus had no link with the market, a significant figure according to infectious diseases specialist [[Daniel R. Lucey|Daniel Lucey]].<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name=Barton25Jan2020/><ref name=Cohen26Jan2010/> In a later publication, ''The Lancet'' reported that of the first 99 people confirmed with COVID-19 in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital between 1 and 20 January 2020, 49 had a history of exposure to the market. The publication nevertheless did not opine on whether the market was the origin or just a key link in the epidemic.<ref name=Chen30Jan2020>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Nanshan|last2=Zhou|first2=Min |last3=Dong|first3=Xuan|last4=Qu|first4=Jieming|last5=Gong|first5=Fengyun|last6=Han|first6=Yang|last7=Qiu|first7=Yang|last8=Wang|first8=Jingli|last9=Liu|first9=Ying|last10=Wei|first10=Yuan|last11=Xia|first11=Jia'an|date=30 January 2020|title=Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study|url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930211-7|journal=The Lancet|volume=0|issue=10223|pages=507–513 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 |issn=0140-6736|pmid=32007143|pmc=7135076|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+In a pursuit to discover the origin of SARS-CoV-2, samples from the market's animals were also taken between 1 and 12 January 2020.<ref name="Schnirring27Jan2020">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/experts-ncov-spread-chinas-cities-could-trigger-global-epidemic |title=Experts: nCoV spread in China's cities could trigger global epidemic |last=Schnirring |first=Lisa |date=27 January 2020 |website=CIDRAP  |url-status=live |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> In late January 2020, the [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] revealed that the virus was found in 33 out of 585 of environmental samples taken,<ref name="Page27Jan2020" /><ref name="Guo_Conversation" /><ref name="Liu22Jan2020">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Shan-Lu |last2=Saif |first2=Linda |date=22 January 2020 |title=Emerging Viruses without Borders: The Wuhan Coronavirus |journal=Viruses  |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.3390/v12020130 |pmid=31979013|pmc=7077218 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 31 of which came from the area of the market where wildlife was particularly found. This was another indication of the role that the market played, but its identification as the origin of the epidemic has been disputed.<ref name="newscientist">{{Citation|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532764-000-the-hunt-for-patient-zero-where-did-the-coronavirus-outbreak-start/|title=The hunt for patient zero: Where did the coronavirus outbreak start?|last=Lu|first=Donna|website=New Scientist|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref name="thebulletin">{{Citation|url=https://thebulletin.org/2020/03/experts-know-the-new-coronavirus-is-not-a-bioweapon-they-disagree-on-whether-it-could-have-leaked-from-a-research-lab/|title=Experts know the new coronavirus is not a bioweapon. They disagree on whether it could have leaked from a research lab|date=2020-03-30|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Readfearn|first=Graham|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/how-did-the-coronavirus-start-where-did-it-come-from-how-did-it-spread-humans-was-it-really-bats-pangolins-wuhan-animal-market|title=How did coronavirus start and where did it come from? Was it really Wuhan's animal market?|date=2020-04-09|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-04-09|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A review published on 24 January 2020, noted that the market was not associated with any [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] cases outside of China.<ref name="Gralinski">{{Cite journal|last=Gralinski|first=Lisa E.|last2=Menachery|first2=Vineet D.|year=2020|title=Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV|journal=Viruses|volume=12|issue=2|pages=135|doi=10.3390/v12020135|pmid=31991541|pmc=7077245|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+av 585 prøver tatt på markedet viste tilknytning til [[COVID-19|''coronavirus disease 2019'']] (COVID-19).<ref name="Page27Jan2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/virus-sparks-soul-searching-over-chinas-wild-animal-trade-11580055290 |title=Virus Sparks Soul-Searching Over China's Wild Animal Trade |last=Page |first=Jeremy |date=27. januar 2020 |work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=27. januar 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126175047/https://www.wsj.com/articles/virus-sparks-soul-searching-over-chinas-wild-animal-trade-11580055290 |archive-date=26. januar 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
 Epidemien det er tale om ble antatt å ha en forbindelse til smittestoffer i et eller flere dyr som ble solgt på markedet. Dette og lignende markeder solgte en rekke type dyr og fisk med tanke på matlaging, mange av dem både uvanlige og sjeldne.