Vis kilden til Jursjenerne

[[File:East-Hem_1200ad.jpg|thumb|Eurasia ca 1200]]
[[Fil: Khabarovsk stone tortoise.JPG|thumb|Steinskilpadde, opprinnelig installert ca. 1193 over høvdinggraven Wanyan Asikui (完颜 阿思魁) i nærheten av [[Ussurijsk]],  utstilt i museet i [[Khabarovsk]].]] 
[[Fil:Wood Bodhisattva 2.jpg|mini|[[Bodhisattva]]statue av tre, [[Jin-dynastiet (1125–1234)]].]]
'''Jursjenerne''' var et [[tungusiske språk|tungusisktalende]] folk som holdt til i deler av  [[Mandsjuria]] og det nordlige [[Korea]] frem til [[1600-tallet]], da de ble kjent som [[mandsjuer|mandsju]], og under dette nye navn erobret [[Kina]] og ledet landet ([[Qing-dynastiet]]). Jursjenerne opprettet [[Jin-dynastiet (1115-1234)|Jin-dynastiet]] (''aisin gurun'' på jursjensk/mansjuisk) i det nordlige [[Kina]] mellom  1115 og 1122; det vedvarte til [[1234]].

== Det første steg: Jin-dynastiet == 
:''Utdypende artikkel: [[Jin-dynastiet (1115–1234)]]''
Den første gangen jursjenerne gjør avtrykk i historien var på [[1100-talet]] da de etablerte Jin-dynastiet som hersket over det nordlige Kina til det ble beseiret av et annet [[altaisk]]talende folk, [[mongolene]], som erobret hele Kina ved å opprette det nye [[Yuandynastiet]]. Etter opphøret av Jin-staten, som ble fremtvunget av mongolene, forsvant disse jursjenerne fra historien.

== Tapet av  politisk enighet og klanstruktur == 
Under de påfølgende århundrer skulle jursjenerne stå under innflytelse av sine naboer, kinesere, [[koreanere]] og mongoler.

Gjennom kontakter med mongolene trengte [[buddhisme]]n inn i jursjenernes klansamfunn. Ved at jursjenerne var [[nomader]] kom de iblant til å bli forveksles med sine naboer mongolene og [[khitaner]]ne, men i virkeligheten utgjorde jursjenerne i sine glansdager det politiske dynastiet Jin.

Jursjenerne ligner på sett og vis mongolene. Både mongolene og jursjenerne benyttet tittelen [[khan]] om sine ledere, ''keiseren'' eller ''høvdingen'' En særskilt kraftfull høvding ble kalt [[beile]] (''prins, adelsmann'', noe som svarer til det mongolske ''beki'' og ''tyrkiske'' beg eller [[bej]]. Likesom mongolene og tyrkerne praktiserte heller ikke jursjenerne [[Primogenitur|førstefødselsrett]]. Etter tradisjonen kunne en hvilken som helst kapabel sønn eller et søskenbarn velges til leder.

Under [[mingdynastiet|Mingtiden]] bodde jurtsjen-folket i sosiale enheter som var subklaner (''mukun'' eller ''hala mukun'') av de tidligere klaner (''hala''). Medlemmer av jurtsjen-klaner delte en felles forfader og ble ledet av en hovedmann (''mukunda''). Ikke alle klanmedlemmer tilhørte samme slekt, og deling eller integrasjon av de forskjellige klaner var vanlig forekommende. Jursjenhusholdninger (''boo'') levde som familier (''booigon''), bestående av fem til syv beslektede familiemedlemmer og et antall slaver. Husholdninger dannet lag (''tatan'') for å utføre oppgaver med tilknytning til jakt og matinnsamling og dannet foretak (''niru'') for større aktiviteter som krig.

Den sosiale organisasjonen ble basert på et system som heter ''slektlinjenes mukūn.'' Dette system med mukūn ble studert inngående av den [[Russland|russiske]] [[Antropologi|antropologen]] [[Sergei Shirokogoroff]], en flyktning i Kina etter [[den russiske revolusjon]], som i [[1929]] publiserte en studie<ref>Shirokogoroff, S. M. ''Social Organisation of the Northern Tungus with Introductory Chapters Concerning Geographical Distribution of These Groups''. The Commercial Press Ltd, Shanghai, 1929.</ref> av den sosiale organisasjon i de historiske landsbyer i nordøstre Kina, Tungus. Shirokogoroff benytter ordet ''klan'' for ''mukūn'', selv om det er store forskjeller mellom den opprinnelige bruk av ''klan'' for [[kelterne]] i [[Europa]] og jurtsjenerne. Ifølge Shirokogoroff danner relasjonene mellom disse klaner eller ''mukūn'' den sosiale struktur i jursjenkulturen, og etter opphøret av Jin-staten opphørte også den felles identitet.

==Den andre jursjenstaten og overtakelsen av mandsjuisk identitet: Qingdynastiet == 
Mangelen av en sentralisert administrativ og militær makt skulle bestå til 1600-tallet da [[Nurhaci]] militært forente jursjenklanene under én politisk enhet. Før første gang etter Jindynastiets fall kunne jursjenerne under ledelse av Nurhaci atter danne en sterk stat. Nurhaci tog tittelen ''[[beile]]'' ([[1586]]) og senere [[khan]] over mongolene ''jorchin'' ([[1606]]) og jursjenernes khan ([[1616]]).

I [[1618]] antok Nurhaci formelt det dynastiske navn Jin (金, «metall», ofte «gull») for å gjenskape dynastiet fra nesten fire århundrer tidligere. Nurhacis sønn, som vi bare kjenner under tittelen [[Hung Taiji]] (merkelig nok fremgår ikke hans personlige navn i noe kjent historisk dokument) endret det dynastiske navnet, og tok det nye navnet Qing (清, «ren»).

Foruten å velge et nytt dynastinavn skapte Hung Taiji en modifisert form av det mongolske alfabet for jursjenernes språk, hvis gamle skrift var gått tapt, og ga det et nytt navn, «mandsjuer», for jursjen. Således skapte Hung Taiji den nye mandsjuiske nasjonale identitet for sitt folk,{{tr}} som skulle bli den herskende klasse i Kina de følgende århundrer fra [[Qing-dynastiet]] tok makten over hele det land som tidligere var blitt styrt av [[Mingdynastiet]]. Slik skulle jursjenstaten, grunnlagt av Nurhaci og Hung Taiji, bli det siste keiserlige dynasti i Kinas historie.

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[[Kategori:Kinas historie]]
[[Kategori:Koreas historie]]