Diskusjon:Wahhabisme

Bedre referanser?[rediger kilde]

Denne artikkelen var fram til 2015 merket med en mal som nå er slettet, en mal som etterlyste bedre referanser. Dersom du mener det er påstander i teksten som trenger referanser kan du merke den/disse med {{tr}} - eller selv utbedre artikkelen ved å legge inn kilder og referanser. Profoss og Bruker:Kimsaka 28. jun. 2015 kl. 21:12 (CEST)[svar]

Fjernet uryddig tekst[rediger kilde]

De påstår å presentere prinsippene av ''[[:en:Tawhid|tawhid]]'' ("unikhet" og "Enheten" av [[:en:God_in_Islam|Gud]])<ref name="Esposito3333">{{harvnb|Esposito|2003|p=333}}</ref> som "eksklusivt monoteisme", mens de avviser alle andre muslimer og anklager dem for å begå ''[[:en:Shirk_(Islam)|shirk]]'' (avgudsdyrkelse)<ref>V. G. Julie Rajan ''Al Qaeda’s Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims'' Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-317-64538-2}} page 76</ref>, ''[[:en:Bid‘ah|bidah]]'' (forbudt nyskapning) og i verste fall ''[[wiktionary:كفر#Arabic|kufr]]'' (vantro) nesten hele tiden. Deres bevegelse følger teologien av [[:en:Ibn_Taymiyyah|Ibn Taymiyyah]] og [[Hanbali]] lovskole av ''fiqh'' (rettsvitenskap), selv om Hanbali-lærde fordømmer på det sterkeste Abd al-Wahhabs syn på islam.<ref name="Wahhabi4" /> --Vennlig hilsen Erik d.y. 20. sep. 2018 kl. 16:36 (CEST)[svar]

Skal denne brukes må referanser gjennomgås og fremstilling bearbeides. --Vennlig hilsen Erik d.y. 20. sep. 2018 kl. 16:37 (CEST)[svar]

De anser også slike muslimer som frafalne og anklager dem for kufr og utsteder fatwa mot dem.<ref name="commins-pivotal">{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|URL=http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Muslim_Sects/The-Wahhabi-Mission-and-Saudi-Arabia.pdf|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2006|page=vi|quote=[T]he pivotal idea in Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s teaching determines whether one is a Muslim or an infidel. In his opinion, Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not heretics, that is to say, misguided Muslims, but outside the pale of Islam altogether}}</ref> <ref name="Blanchard" /><ref name="Glasse-heretics" /><ref name="Mouzahem">{{cite web|last1=Mouzahem|first1=Haytham|title=Saudi Wahhabi Sheikh Calls on Iraq's Jihadists to Kill Shiites|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/wahhabi-sheikh-fatwa-iraq-kill-shiites-children-women.html#|website=Al-Monitor|publisher=al-monitor|accessdate=18 August 2014|date=April 20, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824095059/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/wahhabi-sheikh-fatwa-iraq-kill-shiites-children-women.html|archivedate=24 August 2014|df=}}</ref> Wahhabismens rot er egentlig khawarijisme (terroristisk ideologi)<ref>{{Kilde www|url=http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ViolentIslamicGroups_inIraqHistory_andIdeology.html|tittel=The Violent Islamic Groups in Iraq: History and Ideology|besøksdato=|forfattere=Alexander R. Dawoody, Ph.D.|dato=|forlag=|sitat=}}</ref>, som var en gruppe muslimer som løsrivde seg fra kalifatet til muslimenes fjerde kalif Ali ibn Talib<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawarij|tittel=Khawarijites opposition to Ali ibn Talib|besøksdato=|forfattere=|dato=|forlag=|sitat=}}</ref> og dannet sin egen base i Iraq, kalt ''hururiyya''<ref>{{Kilde www|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0047.xml|tittel=The Sufris of Sijilmasa: toward a history of the Midrarids|besøksdato=|forfattere=Tamara Sonn og Adam Farrar|dato=14.12.2009|forlag=Oxford University Press - Oxfordbibliographies|sitat=}}</ref> og følgelig gikk ut av islam (derav begrepet khawarij)<ref>{{Kilde www|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0047.xml|tittel=khawarij means “seceders” or “those who exit the community.”|besøksdato=|forfattere=|dato=|forlag=|sitat=}}</ref>. Herifra promoterte<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#cite_note-41|tittel=Battle of Siffin|besøksdato=|forfattere=|dato=|forlag=|sitat=}}</ref> de sin khawarijittiske ideologi og hjalp banu Umayya regjeringen mot Ali ibn Talib. Herifra startet fitna (kaos) i islam og flere og flere begynte å løsrive seg<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin|tittel=War in Siffin|besøksdato=|forfattere=|dato=|forlag=|sitat=}}</ref> fra den muslimske umma (ahlu sunna al jamaat<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam#cite_note-marmura-term-13|tittel=Ahlus Sunna al Jamat (the majority of muslims)|besøksdato=|forfattere=Michael E. Marmura (|dato=2009|forlag=John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.|sitat=}}</ref><ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam#cite_note-lucas-term-14|tittel=Meaning og Ahlus Sunna al Jamat|besøksdato=|forfattere=Lucas, Scott C.|dato=2011|forlag=|sitat=}}</ref>). Slik ga det opphav til wahhabismen og andre ekstremistiske sekter<ref>{{Kilde www|url=http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/anti-extremism/7-islamic-radicalism-its-wahhabi-roots-and-current-representation.html|tittel=Islamic Radicalism: Its Wahhabi Roots and Current Representation|besøksdato=|forfattere=ISCA|dato=|forlag=Islamic Supreme Council of America|sitat=}}</ref>, alle av khawarij-røtter. Følgelig er de i strid med den opprinnelige retningen av islam fra profeten Muhammeds tid og de første tre generasjonenes tid og de helgenene og rettskafne muslimene som kom etter dem<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam#cite_note-15|tittel=Sunni Islam|besøksdato=|forfattere=The Gale Group.|dato=05.10.2016|forlag=|sitat=Ologies & -Isms.}}</ref>. Denne striden fører til at de ødelegger helligdommer av helgener (som f.eks. al-Baqi) og kaller det for shirk<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi|tittel=Demolition of al-Baqi|besøksdato=|forfattere=Werner, Ende|dato=28.08.2016|forlag=In Fleet, Kate. Encyclopaedia of Islam|sitat=(Third ed.)}}</ref>. Khawarijitter er strengere og mer alvorlig enn wahhabitter, men ofte brukes deres begrep om hverandre på grunn av deres støtte av samme bakgrunns ideologi basert på ekstremistiske og radikale holdninger. Khawarijitter kan ofte sammenlignes med radikalisme, mens wahhabisme kan ofte sammenlignes med ekstremisme og konservatisme. Konservatisme fører til ekstremisme, og ekstremisme fører til radikalisme, og radikalisme fører til terrorisme, noe som er stikk i strid med den sanne læren av islam og som muslimer flest har fulgt i all tid sin profeten Muhammeds tid.<ref>{{Kilde bok|tittel="Fatwa mot terrorisme og selvmordsangrep"|etternavn=|fornavn=|utgiver=|år=|isbn=|utgivelsessted=|side=|sider=|kapittel=|sitat=}}</ref> --Vennlig hilsen Erik d.y. 25. sep. 2018 kl. 02:28 (CEST)[svar]

== Wahhabitter som neo-[[Kharijitter]] == Wahhabitter er spesielt beryktet for å gjenopplive veien av khawarij (eller kharijitter). Khawarijitter er de store skurkene fra den tidligere historien av islam. De gjenkjennes som voldelige, antisosiale, uforsonlige, strenge, moralistiske iverger, som gjorde mer enn å forbanne og terrorisere muslimer<ref>For an example of how their historical memory has lived on into the modern era, see Jeffrey T. Kenney. Muslim Rebels: Kharijites and the Politics of Extremism in Egypt . Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006.</ref>. De dukket opp i tiden til muslimenes tredje kalif Usman og fjerde kalif Ali. Khawrijitter var de tidligste grupper som løsrivde seg fra det muslimske samfunn (umma). Khawarij eller kharijitter som de også refereres til, var i strid med muslimenes fjerde kalif Ali (profeten Muhammeds nevø), fordi Ali ønsket å forsone med guvernøren av Damaskus, Mu’awiyah. Det mislikte khawarijitter (de som tredte ut fra fra islam) og de gjorde alt de kunne for å vanære Alis rykte blant folk. Khawarijitter anklaget Ali og Mu’awiyah og deres følgere for blasfemi slik at folk ikke skulle stemme på dem, men i stede stemme på khawarijitter. Khawarijitter kom med absurde anklager mot dem følgelig og de brukte Koranen som et lekeverktøy for sine politiske motiver. De mente at det var kun Koranen alene som kunne utstede en dom, intet annet, kun Koranen og bare Koranen alene. Dermed utelukket de dom basert på ahadith litteratur av profeten Muhammed. Ikke bare var de [[:en:Munafiqun|munafiqun]] (hyklere) men viste også vantro til den grad at de gikk ut av islam. Sunni-lærd Ibn al-Jawzi skriver i sin bok Talbis Iblis (Djevlens bedrag)<ref>{{Kilde bok|tittel=The Devils Deceptions (Talbis Iblis)|etternavn=Imam Ibn Al-Jawzi|fornavn=|utgiver=Dar Us Sunnah|år=2014|isbn=1904336051|utgivelsessted=amazon.com|side=|sider=|kapittel=|sitat=https://www.amazon.com/Devils-Deceptions-Talbis-Iblis/dp/1904336051}}</ref> under overskriften “En beretning av djevlens bedrag mot kharijitter", at Dhu’l-Khuwaysira al-Tamimi var den første kharijitten i islam og at “[hans synd var å bli fornøyd over sitt eget synspunkt; hadde han bare tatt en tenkepause, hadde han innsett at det finnes ingen synspunkt bedre enn den av profet Muhammed…” Grunnen til det er at det profet Muhammed uttaler, er faktisk det Gud uttaler<ref>[Koranen 53:3-4]</ref>. Sunni-lærd imam Abd al-Qahir drøfter om kharijitters opprør mot Ali og deres blodige massakre av tusenvis av muslimer i sin bok. Han nevner spesielt Azariqa<ref>{{Kilde artikkel|tittel=The Azariqa and Violence among the Khawarij|publikasjon=academia.edu|url=http://www.academia.edu/1084477/The_Azariqa_and_Violence_among_the_Khawarij|dato=2007|forfattere=Nathan Spannaus|via=A.M. Thesis Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations - Harvard University|bind=|hefte=|sider=|sitat=}}</ref>, et av de mest beryktede kharijitt-bevegelsene ledet av Nafi’ ibn al-Azraq. Det var også fra hans stamme at Musaylima bedrageren (eller løgneren) falskt erklærte profetskap. Akkurat som kharijitter anklager Ali og Mu’awiya for blasfemi, anklager Wahhabitter, sunnier for blasfemi. Mens det tilsynelatende er kharijitter som er skyldige i blasfemi. Vennlig hilsen Erik d.y. 26. sep. 2018 kl. 19:06 (CEST)[svar]

Andre muslimers syn[rediger kilde]

Broren hans sulayman ibn abdul wahhab beskriver sin bror ibn abdul wahhabs ideologi som satanisk<ref>Broren til Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab al Najdi, Shaykh Sulaiman bin Abdul Wahab, sa med henvisning til sin bror: ''“Satans horn som Profeten Muhammad refererte til, er deg.”'' [Sawaa’iqul Ilahiya]</ref> som skaper splittelse i det muslimske samfunn ([[umma]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Valentine|first1=Simon|title=Force and Fanaticisim|publisher=Oxford|page=17|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Rl9eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=similarly,+regularly+denounce+wahhabism&source=bl&ots=pKutZH6Z8b&sig=6ayRbudKUUPRinWnd5t1VZIIp1w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVnq-t5IzXAhUk8IMKHZUcADUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=similarly%2C%20regularly%20denounce%20wahhabism&f=false|accessdate=25 October 2017}}Offline, ulema, such as those at the prestigious Al-Azhar University in Cairo (the Oxford University of the Sunni Muslim World) similarly, regularly denounce wahhabism as 'a satanic faith which has led to division, debate, dishonesty and mistrust of muslims'.</ref> Vennlig hilsen Erik d.y. 26. sep. 2018 kl. 19:56 (CEST)[svar]

^[1] . Vennlig hilsen Erik d.y. 26. sep. 2018 kl. 19:59 (CEST)[svar]

Fjernet ikke objektiv tekst[rediger kilde]

Ibn Abd al-Wahhab startet sin bevegelse i [[Najd]], hvilken profeten Muhammed advarte sin umma mot at [[fitna]] ville oppstå herfra i nær framtid<ref>{{Kilde www|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_of_Najd|tittel=|besøksdato=|forfattere=|dato=|forlag=|sitat=}}</ref>. Herfra promoterte han sin versjon av sunni-islam basert på ekstremistisk tolkning av tekster fra Koranen og ahadith, som var stikk i strid med læren av islam. Deres bevegelse forkaster praksisen av grunnleggende islamske prinsipper. For eksempel forkaster wahhabistisk ideologi å respektere og vise hedre Guds nærstående venner (helgener) og deres gravhelligdommer, selv om det var en pågående praksis til muslimer helt siden profet Muhammeds tid. Al-Wahhab skapte stor splittelse innad i den muslimske [[umma]] derav og mente at han og hans bevegelse er de eneste rettledede, mens alle andre er villfarne og begår [[:en:Shirk_(Islam)|shirk]] (avgudsdyrkelse) og [[:en:Bid‘ah|bidah]] (innovasjon i islam). Det muslimske flertallet som besitter virkelig autoritet til å utstede en ''[[fatwa]]'' (islamsk lovutstedelse) har tatt sterkt avstand fra denne wahhabistiske ideologien. --Vennlig hilsen Erik d.y. 21. sep. 2018 kl. 13:37 (CEST)[svar]

Endret eksterne lenker[rediger kilde]

Jeg har nettopp endret 1 ekstern(e) lenke(r) i artikkelen Wahhabisme. Sjekk gjerne at endringen min er OK. Hvis du ønsker at jeg skal ignorere disse lenkene eller hele siden, eller hvis du har andre spørsmål, se denne spørsmålssiden. Jeg har gjort følgende endringer:

La til arkivet https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022847/http://www.cfr.org/religion/mideast-threat-s-hard-define/p4702 til http://www.cfr.org/religion/mideast-threat-s-hard-define/p4702

Med hilsen—InternetArchiveBot (Rapporter feil) 18. okt. 2018 kl. 15:21 (CEST)[svar]

Endret eksterne lenker[rediger kilde]

Jeg har nettopp endret 2 ekstern(e) lenke(r) i artikkelen Wahhabisme. Sjekk gjerne at endringen min er OK. Hvis du ønsker at jeg skal ignorere disse lenkene eller hele siden, eller hvis du har andre spørsmål, se denne spørsmålssiden. Jeg har gjort følgende endringer:

Med hilsen—InternetArchiveBot (Rapporter feil) 9. mar. 2021 kl. 00:34 (CET)[svar]

Endret eksterne lenker[rediger kilde]

Jeg har nettopp endret 1 ekstern(e) lenke(r) i artikkelen Wahhabisme. Sjekk gjerne at endringen min er OK. Hvis du ønsker at jeg skal ignorere disse lenkene eller hele siden, eller hvis du har andre spørsmål, se denne spørsmålssiden. Jeg har gjort følgende endringer:

La til arkivet https://web.archive.org/web/20120303102919/http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/9452.htm til http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/9452.htm

Med hilsen—InternetArchiveBot (Rapporter feil) 1. jun. 2021 kl. 14:42 (CEST)[svar]

^ Dahlan, al-Sayyid Ahmad ibn Zayni (d. 1304/1886). Mufti of and Shaykh al-Islam (highest religious authority in the Ottoman jurisdiction) for the Hijaz region: al-Durar al-saniyyah fi al-radd ala al-Wahhabiyyah ["The Pure Pearls in Answering the Wahhabis"] pub. 1319 & 1347 H; Fitnat al-Wahhabiyyah ["The Wahhabi Fitna"]; Khulasat al-Kalam fi bayan Umara' al-Balad al-Haram ["The Summation Concerning the Leaders of the Sacrosanct Country"], a history of the Wahhabi fitna in and the Hijaz. al-Dajwi, Hamd Allah: al-Basa'ir li Munkiri al-tawassul ka amthal Muhd. Ibn `Abdul Wahhab ["The Evident Proofs Against Those Who Deny the Seeking of Intercession Like Muhammad Ibn `Abdul Wahhab"]. Shaykh al-Islam Dawud ibn Sulayman al-Baghdadi al-Hanafi (1815-1881 CE): al-Minha al-Wahbiyya fi radd al-Wahhabiyya ["The Divine Dispensation Concerning the Wahhabi Deviation"]; Ashadd al-Jihad fi Ibtal Da`wa al-Ijtihad ["The Most Violent Jihad in Proving False Those Who Falsely Claim Ijtihad"]. Al-Falani al-Maghribi, al-Muhaddith Salih: authored a large volume collating the answers of scholars of the Four Schools to Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab. al-Habibi, Muhammad `Ashiq al-Rahman: `Adhab Allah al-Mujdi li Junun al-Munkir al-Najdi ["Allah's Terrible Punishment for the Mad Rejector From Najd"]. Al-Haddad, al-Sayyid al-`Alawi ibn Ahmad ibn Hasan ibn al-Qutb Sayyidi `Abd Allah ibn `Alawi al-Haddad al-Shafi`i: al-Sayf al-batir li `unq al-munkir `ala al-akabir ["The Sharp Sword for the Neck of the Assailant of Great Scholars"]. Unpublished manuscript of about 100 folios; Misbah al-anam wa jala' al-zalam fi radd shubah al-bid`i al-najdi al-lati adalla biha al-`awamm ["The Lamp of Mankind and the Illumination of Darkness Concerning the Refutation of the Errors of the Innovator From Najd by Which He Had Misled the Common People"]. Published 1325H. Al-Hamami al-Misri, Shaykh Mustafa: Ghawth al-`ibad bi bayan al-rashad ["The Helper of Allah's Servants According to the Affirmation of Guidance"]. Al-Hilmi al-Qadiri al-Iskandari, Shaykh Ibrahim: Jalal al-haqq fi kashf ahwal ashrar al-khalq ["The Splendor of Truth in Exposing the Worst of People] (pub. 1355H). Al-Husayni, `Amili, Muhsin (1865-1952). Kashf al-irtiyab fi atba` Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab ["The Dispelling of Doubt Concerning the Followers of Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab"]. [?]: Maktabat al-Yaman al-Kubra, 198?. Al-Kabbani, Muhammad Hisham, Encyclopedia of Islamic Doctrine, vol. 1-7, As-Sunnah Foundation of America, 1998. _____, Innovation and True Belief: the Celebration of Mawlid According to the Qur'an and Sunna and the Scholars of Islam, ASFA, 1995. _____, Salafi Movement Unveiled, ASFA, 1997. Ibn `Abd al-Latif al-Shafi`i, `Abd Allah: Tajrid sayf al-jihad `ala mudda`i al-ijtihad ["The drawing of the sword of jihad against the false claimants to ijtihad"]. The family of Ibn `Abd al-Razzaq al-Hanbali in Zubara and Bahrayn possess both manuscript and printed refutations by scholars of the Four Schools from Mecca, Madina, al-Ahsa', al-Basra, Baghdad, Aleppo, Yemen and other Islamic regions. Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab al-Najdi, `Allama al-Shaykh Sulayman, elder brother of Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab: al-Sawa'iq al-Ilahiyya fi al-radd 'ala al-Wahhabiyya ["Divine Lightnings in Answering the Wahhabis"]. Ed. Ibrahim Muhammad al-Batawi. : Dar al-insan, 1987. Offset reprint by Waqf Ikhlas, : Hakikat Kitabevi, 1994. Prefaces by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Kurdi al-Shafi`i and Shaykh Muhammad Hayyan al-Sindi (Muhammad Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab's shaykh) to the effect that Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab is "dall mudill" ("misguided and misguiding"). Ibn `Abidin al-Hanafi, al-Sayyid Muhammad Amin: Radd al-muhtar `ala al-durr al-mukhtar, Vol. 3, Kitab al-Iman, Bab al-bughat ["Answer to the Perplexed: A Commentary on "The Chosen Pearl,"" Book of Belief, Chapter on Rebels]. : Dar al-Tiba`a al-Misriyya, 1272 H. Ibn `Afaliq al-Hanbali, Muhammad Ibn `Abdul Rahman: Tahakkum al-muqallidin bi man idda`a tajdid al-din [Sarcasm of the muqallids against the false claimants to the Renewal of Religion]. A very comprehensive book refuting the Wahhabi heresy and posting questions which Ibn `Abdul Wahhab and his followers were unable to answer for the most part. Ibn Dawud al-Hanbali, `Afif al-Din `Abd Allah: as-sawa`iq wa al-ru`ud ["Lightnings and thunder"], a very important book in 20 chapters. According to the Mufti of Yemen Shaykh al-`Alawi ibn Ahmad al-Haddad, the mufti of , "This book has received the approval of the `ulama of , , , and Ahsa' []. It was summarized by Muhammad ibn Bashir the qadi of Ra's al-Khayma in ." Ibn Ghalbun al-Libi also wrote a refutation in forty verses of al-San`ani's poem in which the latter had praised Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab. It is in Samnudi's Sa`adat al-darayn and begins thus: Salami `ala ahlil isabati wal-rushdi Wa laysa `ala najdi wa man halla fi najdi [My salutation is upon the people of truth and guidance And not upon nor the one who settled in ] Ibn Khalifa `Ulyawi al-Azhari: Hadhihi `aqidatu al-salaf wa al-khalaf fi dhat Allahi ta`ala wa sifatihi wa af`alihi wa al-jawab al-sahih li ma waqa`a fihi al-khilaf min al-furu` bayna al-da`in li al-Salafiyya wa atba` al-madhahib al-arba`a al-islamiyya ["This is the doctrine of the Predecessors and the Descendants concerning the divergences in the branches between those who call to al-Salafiyya and the followers of the Four Islamic Schools of Law"] (Damascus: Matba`at Zayd ibn Thabit, 1398/1977. Kawthari al-Hanafi, Muhammad Zahid. Maqalat al-Kawthari. (Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Azhariyah li al-Turath, 1994). Al-Kawwash al-Tunisi, `Allama Al-Shaykh Salih: his refutation of the Wahhabi sect is contained in Samnudi's volume: "Sa`adat al-darayn fi al-radd `ala al-firqatayn." Khazbek, Shaykh Hasan: Al-maqalat al-wafiyyat fi al-radd `ala al-wahhabiyyah ["Complete Treatise in Refuting the Wahhabis"]. Makhluf, Muhammad Hasanayn: Risalat fi hukm al-tawassul bil-anbiya wal-awliya ["Treatise on the Ruling Concerning the Use of Prophets and Saints as Intermediaries"]. Al-Maliki al-Husayni, Al-muhaddith Muhammad al-Hasan ibn `Alawi: Mafahimu yajibu an tusahhah ["Notions that should be corrected"] 4th ed. (Dubai: Hashr ibn Muhammad Dalmuk, 1986); Muhammad al-insanu al-kamil ["Muhammad, the Perfect Human Being"] 3rd ed. (Jeddah: Dar al-Shuruq, 1404/1984). Al-Mashrifi al-Maliki al-Jaza'iri: Izhar al-`uquq mimman mana`a al-tawassul bil nabi wa al-wali al-saduq ["The Exposure of the Disobedience of Those Who Forbid Using the Intermediary of the Prophets and the Truthful Saints]. Al-Mirghani al-Ta'ifi, `Allama `Abd Allah ibn Ibrahim (d. 1793): Tahrid al-aghbiya' `ala al-Istighatha bil-anbiya' wal-awliya ["The Provocations of the Ignorant Against Seeking the Help of Prophets and Saints"] (Cairo: al-Halabi, 1939). Mu'in al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1289): Sayf al-Jabbar al-maslul `ala a`da' al-Abrar ["The Sword of the Almighty Drawn Against the Enemies of the Pure Ones"]. Al-Muwaysi al-Yamani, `Abd Allah ibn `Isa: Unpublished manuscript of a refutation of the Wahhabi sect. Al-Nabahani al-Shafi`i, al-qadi al-muhaddith Yusuf ibn Isma`il (1850-1932): Shawahid al-Haqq fi al-istighatha bi sayyid al-Khalq (s) ["The Proofs of Truth in the Seeking of the Intercession of the Prophet"]. Al-Qabbani al-Basri al-Shafi`i, Allama Ahmad ibn `Ali: A manuscript treatise in approximately 10 chapters. Al-Qadumi al-Nabulusi al-Hanbali: `AbdAllah: Rihlat ["Journey"]. Al-Qazwini, Muhammad Hasan, (d. 1825). Al-Barahin al-jaliyyah fi raf` tashkikat al-Wahhabiyah ["The Plain Demonstrations That Dispel the Aspersions of the Wahhabis"]. Ed. Muhammad Munir al-Husayni al-Milani. 1st ed. : Mu'assasat al-Wafa', 1987. Al-Qudsi: al-Suyuf al-Siqal fi A`naq man `ala al-awliya ba`d al-intiqal ["The Burnished Swords on the Necks of Those Who Deny the Role of Saints After Their Leaving This World"]. Al-Rifa`i, Yusuf al-Sayyid Hashim, President of the World Union of Islamic Propagation and Information: Adillat Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`at aw al-radd al-muhkam al-mani` `ala munkarat wa shubuhat Ibn Mani` fi tahajjumihi `ala al-sayyid Muhammad `Alawi al-Maliki al-Makki ["The Proofs of the People of the Way of the Prophet and the Muslim Community: or, the Strong and Decisive Refutation of Ibn Mani`'s Aberrations and Aspersions in his Assault on Muhammad `Alawi al-Maliki al-Makki"] (Kuwait: Dar al-siyasa, 1984). Al-Samnudi al-Mansuri, al-`Allama al-Shaykh Ibrahim: Sa`adat al-darayn fi al-radd `ala al-firqatayn al-wahhabiyya wa muqallidat al-zahiriyyah ["Bliss in the Two Abodes: Refutation of the Two Sects, Wahhabis and Zahiri Followers"]. Al-Saqqaf al-Shafi`i, Hasan ibn `Ali, Islamic Research Intitute, Amman, Jordan: al-Ighatha bi adillat al-istighatha wa al-radd al-mubin `ala munkiri al-tawassul ["The Mercy of Allah in the Proofs of Seeking Intercession and the Clear Answer to Those who Reject it"]; Ilqam al hajar li al-mutatawil `ala al-Asha`ira min al-Bashar ["The Stoning of All Those Who Attack Ash'aris"]; Qamus shata'im al-Albani wa al-alfaz al-munkara al-lati yatluquha fi haqq ulama al-ummah wa fudalai'ha wa ghayrihim... ["Encyclopedia of al-Albani's Abhorrent Expressions Which He Uses Against the Scholars of the Community, its Eminent Men, and Others..."] : Dar al-Imam al-Nawawi, 1993. Al-Sawi al-Misri: Hashiyat `ala al-jalalayn ["Commentary on the Tafsir of the Two Jalal al-Din"]. Sayf al-Din Ahmed ibn Muhammad: Al-Albani Unveiled: An Exposition of His Errors and Other Important Issues, 2nd ed. (London: s.n., 1994). Al-Shatti al-Athari al-Hanbali, al-Sayyid Mustafa ibn Ahmad ibn Hasan, Mufti of Syria: al-Nuqul al-shar'iyyah fi al-radd 'ala al-Wahhabiyya ["The Legal Proofs in Answering the Wahhabis"]. Al-Subki, al-hafiz Taqi al-Din (d. 756/1355): Al-durra al-mudiyya fi al-radd `ala Ibn Taymiyya, ed. Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari ["The Luminous Pearl: A Refutation of Ibn Taymiyya"]; Al-rasa'il al-subkiyya fi al-radd `ala Ibn Taymiyya wa tilmidhihi Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, ed. Kamal al-Hut ["Subki's treatises in Answer to Ibn Taymiyya and his pupil Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya"] (Beirut: `Alam al-Kutub, 1983); Al-sayf al-saqil fi al-radd `ala Ibn Zafil ["The Burnished Sword in Refuting Ibn Zafil (Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya)" Cairo: Matba`at al-Sa`ada, 1937; Shifa' al-siqam fi ziyarat khayr al-anam ["The healing of the sick in visiting the Best of Creation"]. Sunbul al-Hanafi al-Ta'ifi, Allama Tahir: Sima al-Intisar lil awliya' al-abrar ["The Mark of Victory Belongs to Allah's Pure Friends"]. Al-Tabataba'i al-Basri, al-Sayyid: also wrote a reply to San`a'i's poem which was excerpted in Samnudi's Sa`adat al-Darayn. After reading it, San`a'i reversed his position and said: "I have repented from what I said concerning the Najdi." Al-Tamimi al-Maliki, `Allama Isma`il (d. 1248), Shaykh al-Islam in : wrote a refutation of a treatise of Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab. Al-Wazzani, al-Shaykh al-Mahdi, Mufti of Fes, Morocco: Wrote a refutation of Muhammad `Abduh's prohibition of tawassul. al-Zahawi al-Baghdadi, Jamil Effendi Sidqi (d. 1355/1936): al-Fajr al-Sadiq fi al-radd 'ala munkiri al-tawassul wa al-khawariq ["The True Dawn in Refuting Those Who Deny the Seeking of Intercession and the Miracles of Saints"] Pub. 1323/1905 in . Al-Zamzami al-Shafi`i, Muhammad Salih, Imam of the Maqam Ibrahim in , wrote a book in 20 chapters against them according to al-Sayyid al-Haddad. See also: Ahmad, Qeyamuddin. The Wahhabi movement in . 2nd rev. ed. : Manohar, 1994.

[1] Dahlan, al-Sayyid Ahmad ibn Zayni (d. 1304/1886). Mufti of and Shaykh al-Islam (highest religious authority in the Ottoman jurisdiction) for the Hijaz region: al-Durar al-saniyyah fi al-radd ala al-Wahhabiyyah ["The Pure Pearls in Answering the Wahhabis"] pub. 1319 & 1347 H; Fitnat al-Wahhabiyyah ["The Wahhabi Fitna"]; Khulasat al-Kalam fi bayan Umara' al-Balad al-Haram ["The Summation Concerning the Leaders of the Sacrosanct Country"], a history of the Wahhabi fitna in and the Hijaz. al-Dajwi, Hamd Allah: al-Basa'ir li Munkiri al-tawassul ka amthal Muhd. Ibn `Abdul Wahhab ["The Evident Proofs Against Those Who Deny the Seeking of Intercession Like Muhammad Ibn `Abdul Wahhab"]. Shaykh al-Islam Dawud ibn Sulayman al-Baghdadi al-Hanafi (1815-1881 CE): al-Minha al-Wahbiyya fi radd al-Wahhabiyya ["The Divine Dispensation Concerning the Wahhabi Deviation"]; Ashadd al-Jihad fi Ibtal Da`wa al-Ijtihad ["The Most Violent Jihad in Proving False Those Who Falsely Claim Ijtihad"]. Al-Falani al-Maghribi, al-Muhaddith Salih: authored a large volume collating the answers of scholars of the Four Schools to Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab. al-Habibi, Muhammad `Ashiq al-Rahman: `Adhab Allah al-Mujdi li Junun al-Munkir al-Najdi ["Allah's Terrible Punishment for the Mad Rejector From Najd"]. Al-Haddad, al-Sayyid al-`Alawi ibn Ahmad ibn Hasan ibn al-Qutb Sayyidi `Abd Allah ibn `Alawi al-Haddad al-Shafi`i: al-Sayf al-batir li `unq al-munkir `ala al-akabir ["The Sharp Sword for the Neck of the Assailant of Great Scholars"]. Unpublished manuscript of about 100 folios; Misbah al-anam wa jala' al-zalam fi radd shubah al-bid`i al-najdi al-lati adalla biha al-`awamm ["The Lamp of Mankind and the Illumination of Darkness Concerning the Refutation of the Errors of the Innovator From Najd by Which He Had Misled the Common People"]. Published 1325H. Al-Hamami al-Misri, Shaykh Mustafa: Ghawth al-`ibad bi bayan al-rashad ["The Helper of Allah's Servants According to the Affirmation of Guidance"]. Al-Hilmi al-Qadiri al-Iskandari, Shaykh Ibrahim: Jalal al-haqq fi kashf ahwal ashrar al-khalq ["The Splendor of Truth in Exposing the Worst of People] (pub. 1355H). Al-Husayni, `Amili, Muhsin (1865-1952). Kashf al-irtiyab fi atba` Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab ["The Dispelling of Doubt Concerning the Followers of Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab"]. [?]: Maktabat al-Yaman al-Kubra, 198?. Al-Kabbani, Muhammad Hisham, Encyclopedia of Islamic Doctrine, vol. 1-7, As-Sunnah Foundation of America, 1998. _____, Innovation and True Belief: the Celebration of Mawlid According to the Qur'an and Sunna and the Scholars of Islam, ASFA, 1995. _____, Salafi Movement Unveiled, ASFA, 1997. Ibn `Abd al-Latif al-Shafi`i, `Abd Allah: Tajrid sayf al-jihad `ala mudda`i al-ijtihad ["The drawing of the sword of jihad against the false claimants to ijtihad"]. The family of Ibn `Abd al-Razzaq al-Hanbali in Zubara and Bahrayn possess both manuscript and printed refutations by scholars of the Four Schools from Mecca, Madina, al-Ahsa', al-Basra, Baghdad, Aleppo, Yemen and other Islamic regions. Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab al-Najdi, `Allama al-Shaykh Sulayman, elder brother of Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab: al-Sawa'iq al-Ilahiyya fi al-radd 'ala al-Wahhabiyya ["Divine Lightnings in Answering the Wahhabis"]. Ed. Ibrahim Muhammad al-Batawi. : Dar al-insan, 1987. Offset reprint by Waqf Ikhlas, : Hakikat Kitabevi, 1994. Prefaces by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Kurdi al-Shafi`i and Shaykh Muhammad Hayyan al-Sindi (Muhammad Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab's shaykh) to the effect that Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab is "dall mudill" ("misguided and misguiding"). Ibn `Abidin al-Hanafi, al-Sayyid Muhammad Amin: Radd al-muhtar `ala al-durr al-mukhtar, Vol. 3, Kitab al-Iman, Bab al-bughat ["Answer to the Perplexed: A Commentary on "The Chosen Pearl,"" Book of Belief, Chapter on Rebels]. : Dar al-Tiba`a al-Misriyya, 1272 H. Ibn `Afaliq al-Hanbali, Muhammad Ibn `Abdul Rahman: Tahakkum al-muqallidin bi man idda`a tajdid al-din [Sarcasm of the muqallids against the false claimants to the Renewal of Religion]. A very comprehensive book refuting the Wahhabi heresy and posting questions which Ibn `Abdul Wahhab and his followers were unable to answer for the most part. Ibn Dawud al-Hanbali, `Afif al-Din `Abd Allah: as-sawa`iq wa al-ru`ud ["Lightnings and thunder"], a very important book in 20 chapters. According to the Mufti of Yemen Shaykh al-`Alawi ibn Ahmad al-Haddad, the mufti of , "This book has received the approval of the `ulama of , , , and Ahsa' []. It was summarized by Muhammad ibn Bashir the qadi of Ra's al-Khayma in ." Ibn Ghalbun al-Libi also wrote a refutation in forty verses of al-San`ani's poem in which the latter had praised Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab. It is in Samnudi's Sa`adat al-darayn and begins thus: Salami `ala ahlil isabati wal-rushdi Wa laysa `ala najdi wa man halla fi najdi [My salutation is upon the people of truth and guidance And not upon nor the one who settled in ] Ibn Khalifa `Ulyawi al-Azhari: Hadhihi `aqidatu al-salaf wa al-khalaf fi dhat Allahi ta`ala wa sifatihi wa af`alihi wa al-jawab al-sahih li ma waqa`a fihi al-khilaf min al-furu` bayna al-da`in li al-Salafiyya wa atba` al-madhahib al-arba`a al-islamiyya ["This is the doctrine of the Predecessors and the Descendants concerning the divergences in the branches between those who call to al-Salafiyya and the followers of the Four Islamic Schools of Law"] (Damascus: Matba`at Zayd ibn Thabit, 1398/1977. Kawthari al-Hanafi, Muhammad Zahid. Maqalat al-Kawthari. (Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Azhariyah li al-Turath, 1994). Al-Kawwash al-Tunisi, `Allama Al-Shaykh Salih: his refutation of the Wahhabi sect is contained in Samnudi's volume: "Sa`adat al-darayn fi al-radd `ala al-firqatayn." Khazbek, Shaykh Hasan: Al-maqalat al-wafiyyat fi al-radd `ala al-wahhabiyyah ["Complete Treatise in Refuting the Wahhabis"]. Makhluf, Muhammad Hasanayn: Risalat fi hukm al-tawassul bil-anbiya wal-awliya ["Treatise on the Ruling Concerning the Use of Prophets and Saints as Intermediaries"]. Al-Maliki al-Husayni, Al-muhaddith Muhammad al-Hasan ibn `Alawi: Mafahimu yajibu an tusahhah ["Notions that should be corrected"] 4th ed. (Dubai: Hashr ibn Muhammad Dalmuk, 1986); Muhammad al-insanu al-kamil ["Muhammad, the Perfect Human Being"] 3rd ed. (Jeddah: Dar al-Shuruq, 1404/1984). Al-Mashrifi al-Maliki al-Jaza'iri: Izhar al-`uquq mimman mana`a al-tawassul bil nabi wa al-wali al-saduq ["The Exposure of the Disobedience of Those Who Forbid Using the Intermediary of the Prophets and the Truthful Saints]. Al-Mirghani al-Ta'ifi, `Allama `Abd Allah ibn Ibrahim (d. 1793): Tahrid al-aghbiya' `ala al-Istighatha bil-anbiya' wal-awliya ["The Provocations of the Ignorant Against Seeking the Help of Prophets and Saints"] (Cairo: al-Halabi, 1939). Mu'in al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1289): Sayf al-Jabbar al-maslul `ala a`da' al-Abrar ["The Sword of the Almighty Drawn Against the Enemies of the Pure Ones"]. Al-Muwaysi al-Yamani, `Abd Allah ibn `Isa: Unpublished manuscript of a refutation of the Wahhabi sect. Al-Nabahani al-Shafi`i, al-qadi al-muhaddith Yusuf ibn Isma`il (1850-1932): Shawahid al-Haqq fi al-istighatha bi sayyid al-Khalq (s) ["The Proofs of Truth in the Seeking of the Intercession of the Prophet"]. Al-Qabbani al-Basri al-Shafi`i, Allama Ahmad ibn `Ali: A manuscript treatise in approximately 10 chapters. Al-Qadumi al-Nabulusi al-Hanbali: `AbdAllah: Rihlat ["Journey"]. Al-Qazwini, Muhammad Hasan, (d. 1825). Al-Barahin al-jaliyyah fi raf` tashkikat al-Wahhabiyah ["The Plain Demonstrations That Dispel the Aspersions of the Wahhabis"]. Ed. Muhammad Munir al-Husayni al-Milani. 1st ed. : Mu'assasat al-Wafa', 1987. Al-Qudsi: al-Suyuf al-Siqal fi A`naq man `ala al-awliya ba`d al-intiqal ["The Burnished Swords on the Necks of Those Who Deny the Role of Saints After Their Leaving This World"]. Al-Rifa`i, Yusuf al-Sayyid Hashim, President of the World Union of Islamic Propagation and Information: Adillat Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`at aw al-radd al-muhkam al-mani` `ala munkarat wa shubuhat Ibn Mani` fi tahajjumihi `ala al-sayyid Muhammad `Alawi al-Maliki al-Makki ["The Proofs of the People of the Way of the Prophet and the Muslim Community: or, the Strong and Decisive Refutation of Ibn Mani`'s Aberrations and Aspersions in his Assault on Muhammad `Alawi al-Maliki al-Makki"] (Kuwait: Dar al-siyasa, 1984). Al-Samnudi al-Mansuri, al-`Allama al-Shaykh Ibrahim: Sa`adat al-darayn fi al-radd `ala al-firqatayn al-wahhabiyya wa muqallidat al-zahiriyyah ["Bliss in the Two Abodes: Refutation of the Two Sects, Wahhabis and Zahiri Followers"]. Al-Saqqaf al-Shafi`i, Hasan ibn `Ali, Islamic Research Intitute, Amman, Jordan: al-Ighatha bi adillat al-istighatha wa al-radd al-mubin `ala munkiri al-tawassul ["The Mercy of Allah in the Proofs of Seeking Intercession and the Clear Answer to Those who Reject it"]; Ilqam al hajar li al-mutatawil `ala al-Asha`ira min al-Bashar ["The Stoning of All Those Who Attack Ash'aris"]; Qamus shata'im al-Albani wa al-alfaz al-munkara al-lati yatluquha fi haqq ulama al-ummah wa fudalai'ha wa ghayrihim... ["Encyclopedia of al-Albani's Abhorrent Expressions Which He Uses Against the Scholars of the Community, its Eminent Men, and Others..."] : Dar al-Imam al-Nawawi, 1993. Al-Sawi al-Misri: Hashiyat `ala al-jalalayn ["Commentary on the Tafsir of the Two Jalal al-Din"]. Sayf al-Din Ahmed ibn Muhammad: Al-Albani Unveiled: An Exposition of His Errors and Other Important Issues, 2nd ed. (London: s.n., 1994). Al-Shatti al-Athari al-Hanbali, al-Sayyid Mustafa ibn Ahmad ibn Hasan, Mufti of Syria: al-Nuqul al-shar'iyyah fi al-radd 'ala al-Wahhabiyya ["The Legal Proofs in Answering the Wahhabis"]. Al-Subki, al-hafiz Taqi al-Din (d. 756/1355): Al-durra al-mudiyya fi al-radd `ala Ibn Taymiyya, ed. Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari ["The Luminous Pearl: A Refutation of Ibn Taymiyya"]; Al-rasa'il al-subkiyya fi al-radd `ala Ibn Taymiyya wa tilmidhihi Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, ed. Kamal al-Hut ["Subki's treatises in Answer to Ibn Taymiyya and his pupil Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya"] (Beirut: `Alam al-Kutub, 1983); Al-sayf al-saqil fi al-radd `ala Ibn Zafil ["The Burnished Sword in Refuting Ibn Zafil (Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya)" Cairo: Matba`at al-Sa`ada, 1937; Shifa' al-siqam fi ziyarat khayr al-anam ["The healing of the sick in visiting the Best of Creation"]. Sunbul al-Hanafi al-Ta'ifi, Allama Tahir: Sima al-Intisar lil awliya' al-abrar ["The Mark of Victory Belongs to Allah's Pure Friends"]. Al-Tabataba'i al-Basri, al-Sayyid: also wrote a reply to San`a'i's poem which was excerpted in Samnudi's Sa`adat al-Darayn. After reading it, San`a'i reversed his position and said: "I have repented from what I said concerning the Najdi." Al-Tamimi al-Maliki, `Allama Isma`il (d. 1248), Shaykh al-Islam in : wrote a refutation of a treatise of Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab. Al-Wazzani, al-Shaykh al-Mahdi, Mufti of Fes, Morocco: Wrote a refutation of Muhammad `Abduh's prohibition of tawassul. al-Zahawi al-Baghdadi, Jamil Effendi Sidqi (d. 1355/1936): al-Fajr al-Sadiq fi al-radd 'ala munkiri al-tawassul wa al-khawariq ["The True Dawn in Refuting Those Who Deny the Seeking of Intercession and the Miracles of Saints"] Pub. 1323/1905 in . Al-Zamzami al-Shafi`i, Muhammad Salih, Imam of the Maqam Ibrahim in , wrote a book in 20 chapters against them according to al-Sayyid al-Haddad. See also: Ahmad, Qeyamuddin. The Wahhabi movement in . 2nd rev. ed. : Manohar, 1994.

[1]