Gasel

Nastaliq-kalligrafi av en ghazal av Sadi.

Ghazal-framføring i Hyderabad.

Gasel eller ghazal (persisk/arabisk/urdu: غزل) er en persisk-indisk lyrisk diktform med arabisk opprinnelse.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] En gasel består av verselinjer som begynner med et rimpar. Dernest følger samme rim i hver annen linje, slik at det bare blir ett rim gjennom hele diktet. Et slikt dikt skal tradisjonelt bestå av minst fem rimpar, og i høyden 15 rimpar.^[2]

Referanser[rediger | rediger kilde]

^ Frances Pritchett, Professor Emerita of Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies; Special Lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies. «The word ‘ghazal’». www.columbia.edu. Columbia University. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «The word ‘ghazal’ means something like ‘conversations with women’; like the genre itself, it originated in sixth-century Arabic verse. Early Arabic ghazal revolved around two broad themes: the rakish celebration of wine, women, and song; and the elegiac lament over lost love. By the time the ghazal passed into Persian from the early eleventh century onward, this second theme had come to have mystical overtones: separation and suffering were at the heart of love, while the faithful, longing lover was even a kind of martyr. (For discussion, see the latter part of ‘Convention in the Classical Urdu Ghazal’ [site].)»
^ ^a ^b «Ghazal | Academy of American Poets». poets.org. Academy of American Poets. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and metaphysical questions, ghazals are often sung by Iranian, Indian, and Pakistani musicians. The form has roots in seventh-century Arabia, and gained prominence in the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century thanks to such Persian poets as Rumi and Hafiz. In the eighteenth-century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu, a mix of the medieval languages of Northern India, including Persian. Among these poets, Ghalib is the recognized master. Other languages that adopted the ghazal include Hindi, Pashto, Turkish, and Hebrew. The German poet and philosopher Goethe experimented with the form, as did the Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca.» linjeskift-tegn i |sitat= på plass 499 (hjelp)
^ «Ghazal». Poetry Foundation (engelsk). 15. oktober 2020. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «Ghazal (Pronounciation: “guzzle”): Originally an Arabic verse form dealing with loss and romantic love, medieval Persian poets embraced the ghazal, eventually making it their own. (---) English-language poets who have composed in the form include Adrienne Rich, John Hollander, and Agha Shahid Ali; see Ali’s “Tonight” and Patricia Smith’s “Hip-Hop Ghazal.”»
^ «Ghazal- og qawwali-kveld». Melafestivalen. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «Dette blir en kveld med sufi og urdu-ghazal, med artister fra Melahusets eget raga-ensemble. De fem musikerne har vært et fast innslag på Melahuset i flere år, og har blant annet deltatt på ragaverksted under ledelse av Ashraf Sharif Khan. Med stor kunstnerisk utfoldelse og energi skal de denne kvelden framføre et utvalg av urdu-ghazal og sufisanger.»

[1] Frances Pritchett, Professor Emerita of Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies; Special Lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies. «The word ‘ghazal’». www.columbia.edu. Columbia University. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «The word ‘ghazal’ means something like ‘conversations with women’; like the genre itself, it originated in sixth-century Arabic verse. Early Arabic ghazal revolved around two broad themes: the rakish celebration of wine, women, and song; and the elegiac lament over lost love. By the time the ghazal passed into Persian from the early eleventh century onward, this second theme had come to have mystical overtones: separation and suffering were at the heart of love, while the faithful, longing lover was even a kind of martyr. (For discussion, see the latter part of ‘Convention in the Classical Urdu Ghazal’ [site].)»

[:0-2] «Ghazal | Academy of American Poets». poets.org. Academy of American Poets. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and metaphysical questions, ghazals are often sung by Iranian, Indian, and Pakistani musicians. The form has roots in seventh-century Arabia, and gained prominence in the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century thanks to such Persian poets as Rumi and Hafiz. In the eighteenth-century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu, a mix of the medieval languages of Northern India, including Persian. Among these poets, Ghalib is the recognized master. Other languages that adopted the ghazal include Hindi, Pashto, Turkish, and Hebrew. The German poet and philosopher Goethe experimented with the form, as did the Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca.» linjeskift-tegn i |sitat= på plass 499 (hjelp)

[3] «Ghazal». Poetry Foundation (engelsk). 15. oktober 2020. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «Ghazal (Pronounciation: “guzzle”): Originally an Arabic verse form dealing with loss and romantic love, medieval Persian poets embraced the ghazal, eventually making it their own. (---) English-language poets who have composed in the form include Adrienne Rich, John Hollander, and Agha Shahid Ali; see Ali’s “Tonight” and Patricia Smith’s “Hip-Hop Ghazal.”»

[4] «Ghazal- og qawwali-kveld». Melafestivalen. Besøkt 16. oktober 2020. «Dette blir en kveld med sufi og urdu-ghazal, med artister fra Melahusets eget raga-ensemble. De fem musikerne har vært et fast innslag på Melahuset i flere år, og har blant annet deltatt på ragaverksted under ledelse av Ashraf Sharif Khan. Med stor kunstnerisk utfoldelse og energi skal de denne kvelden framføre et utvalg av urdu-ghazal og sufisanger.»

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Gasel

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