Admiral

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation).
Comparative military ranks
Armies,
air forces
(non-Commonwealth)		 Navies,
coast guard		 Air forces
(Commonwealth system)
Flag commissioned officers
Field marshal Admiral of the fleet Marshal of the air force
General or
colonel general or
army general		 Admiral Air chief marshal
Lieutenant general or
army corps general		 Vice admiral Air marshal
Major general or
divisional general		 Rear admiral or
Counter admiral		 Air vice-marshal
Brigadier or
brigadier general		 Commodore or
flotilla admiral		 Air commodore
Senior commissioned officers
Colonel (Ship-of-the-Line)
Captain		 Group captain
Lieutenant colonel Frigate captain or
Commander		 Wing commander
Major or
commandant		 Corvette captain or Lieutenant
commander		 Squadron leader
Junior commissioned officers
Captain Lieutenant Flight lieutenant
First lieutenant or
lieutenant		 Lieutenant
junior grade or
sub-lieutenant		 Flying officer
Second lieutenant or
junior lieutenant		 Ensign or
midshipman		 Pilot officer
Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet
Non-commissioned officers
Warrant officer or
sergeant major		 Warrant officer or
chief petty officer		 Warrant officer
Sergeant Petty officer Sergeant
Enlisted ranks
Corporal or
bombardier		 Leading seaman Corporal
Lance corporal or
Lance bombardier or
Specialist		 Able seaman Leading aircraftman
Private or
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trooper or
sapper		 Seaman Aircraftman or
airman or
aviator
Naval officer ranks
Flag officers
Senior officers
Junior officers

Admiral is a military rank, typically the highest or among the highest flag officers in a navy. In the armed forces of the United States and Commonwealth of Nations, an admiral—sometimes clarified as a "full admiral"—is the equivalent of a general in the army or air force. NATO codes place admirals or their equivalents at OF-9, behind only the infrequently awarded rank of fleet admirals (US) or admirals of the fleet (CON) and just above vice-admirals. In premodern contexts, admiral is also used as an informal rank for any commander-in-chief of a navy or major fleet.

Name[edit]

The English rank of admiral developed from a variety of Early Modern and Middle English forms borrowed from still more Norman, Middle, and Old French and Medieval Latin forms, all ultimately derived from Arabic emir (أَمِير, ʾamīr) meaning "commander".[1] The form admiral has been standard since the 18th century, a form attested in Norman and Middle French since the mid-13th century, derived from Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius common since the 12th century after alteration of amiralis—Arabic ʾamīr with the Latin suffix -ālis—under influence from the Latin prefix ad-, particularly in admīrāri ("to admire, to respect").[1] Owing to the similarity of the Latin suffix to the Arabic definite article al- (ال), the word is frequently folk etymologized to derive from various longer Arabic phrases,[2] particularly ʾamīr al-baḥr (أَمِير اَلْبَحْر, "commander of the sea"),[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] amīr al-umarāʾ (أمير الأمراء, "commander-in-chief"), or Amīr al-Muʾminīn (أَمِيْر ٱلْمُؤْمِنِيْن, "Commander of the Believers").[1] Despite the first having been a position in the 10th-century Fatimid navy,[10] the second a Sicilian title used for George of Antioch in the 12th century that was latinized as ammiratus ammiratorum by the 13th century,[11] and the last being attested in Latin in the form Amiralmumin from the 9th century,[1] the derivation of the modern title is known to have developed solely from ʾamīr within Latin.[1][2] A separate mistaken derivation was offered by Henry Todd's 1818 edition of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, which conjectured that the rank had come from combining ʾamīr with some form of the Greek hálios (ἅλιος, "marine").[12]

In modern English, the term admiral is also widely used in translation or explanation of any similar rank in any navy historical or contemporary, including the Ottoman Kapudan Pasha (literally "Lord Captain"), East Asian ranks literally equating to "general", and the Cromwellian Parliamentary Navy's own "general at sea".[13]

History[edit]

The position of ʾamīr al-baḥr was used for the commander of the Fatimid navy.[10] The multicultural Sicilian king Roger II titled his Byzantine Christian commander George of Antioch amīr al-umarāʾ in the mid-12th century.[11] Forms of this title were subsequently employed by the Sicilians, the Genoans, the Aragonese,[14] the French, the Portuguese, and the Castillians.[15] In England, John de Beauchamp was named admyrall of "the King's Southern, Northern, and Western Fleets" on 18 July 1360[16] and some form of Lord High Admiral was appointed continuously after 1406.[17] Over time, each of the three main fleets was assigned to separate color-coded admirals, each overseeing various vice-admirals and rear admirals and all overseen by a single admiral of the fleet after 1688.[18] In similar fashion, during World War II, the American Navy had several fleet admirals and other navies included general admirals and grand admirals that oversaw the large fleets involved in that conflict.[19]

NATO code[edit]

While the rank is used in most of NATO countries, it is ranked differently depending on the country.

NATO code Country[20] English equivalent
UK US
OF-9 Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Admiral Admiral
OF-8 Albania, Spain Vice admiral Vice admiral

Admiral insignia by country[edit]

National ranks[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "admiral, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
  2. ^ a b Latham (1972), pp. 40–41.
  3. ^ "Definition of ADMIRAL". Merriam-Webster. 16 July 2023.
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  5. ^ Lane, Edward William (1968). Arabic–English Lexicon. Vol. 1. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. p. 97.
  6. ^ Khalilieh, Hassan S. (2019). "Glossary of Non-English Terms." Islamic Law of the Sea. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-108-48145-8.
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  10. ^ a b Hamblin (1986), p. 78.
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  12. ^ Todd & al. (1818), s.v. "Admiral".
  13. ^ William Hepworth Dixon (1885). Robert Blake, Admiral and General at Sea: Based on Family and State Papers. Ballantyne Press.
  14. ^ Harry Thurston Peck; Selim Hobart Peabody; Charles Francis Richardson, eds. (1899) [1885]. The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge. Vol. 1. Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 103.
  15. ^ Antonio Vieyra (1851). A dictionary of the English and Portuguese languages. Vol. 2. p. 48.
  16. ^ St. George Tucker (1803). Blackstone's Commentaries... Vol. 1. Philadelphia: William Young Birch & Abraham Small. p. xxxiii..
  17. ^ Houbraken, Jacobus; et al. (1747), The History of England: A List of Admirals of England, 1228–1745, J. & P. Knapton, p. 271.
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Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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